• 셀메드
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.27.1-27.6
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• 2012

Red ginseng, which has a variety of biological and pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic effects, has been used for thousands of years as a general tonic in traditional oriental medicine. Here, we tested the immune regulatory activities of hydrolyzed red ginseng by malted barley (HRG) on the expressions of receptor interacting proteins (Rip) 2 and $I{\kappa}B$ kinase-beta (IKK-${\beta}$) in mouse peritoneal macrophages. We show that HRG increased the activations of Rip 2 and IKK-${\beta}$ for the first time. When HRG was used in combination with recombinant interferon-${\gamma}$ (rIFN-${\gamma}$), there was a marked cooperative induction of nitric oxide (NO) production. The increased expression of inducible NO synthase from rIFN-${\gamma}$ plus HRG-stimulated cells was almost completely inhibited by pre-treatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an inhibitor of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$). In addition, the treatment of peritoneal macrophages with rIFN-${\gamma}$ plus HRG caused significant increases in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression and production. Because NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ play an important role in the immune function and host defense, HRG treatment can modulate several aspects of the host defense mechanisms as a result of the stimulations of the inducible nitric oxide synthase and NF-${\kappa}B$. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that HRG increases the productions of NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ from rIFN-${\gamma}$-primed macrophages and suggest that Rip2/IKK-${\beta}$ plays a critical role in mediating these immune regulatory effects of HRG.

• BMB Reports
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.331-336
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• 2012

The retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor gamma ($ROR{\gamma}$) plays critical roles in regulation of development, immunity and metabolism. As transcription factor usually forms a protein complex to function, thus capturing and dissecting of the $ROR{\gamma}$ protein complex will be helpful for exploring the mechanisms underlying those functions. After construction of the recombinant tandem affinity purification (TAP) plasmid, pMSCVpuro $ROR{\gamma}$-CTAP(SG), the nuclear localization of $ROR{\gamma}$-CTAP(SG) fusion protein was verified. Following isolation of $ROR{\gamma}$ protein complex by TAP strategy, seven candidate interacting proteins were identified. Finally, the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) were confirmed to interplay with $ROR{\gamma}$ by co-immunoprecipitation. Interference of HSP90 or/and RIP140 genes resulted in dramatically decreased expression of CYP2C8 gene, the $ROR{\gamma}$ target gene. Data from this study demonstrate that HSP90 and RIP140 proteins interact with $ROR{\gamma}$ protein in a complex format and function as co-activators in the $ROR{\gamma}$-mediated regulatory processes of HepG2 cells.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.431-438
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• 2015

In Trichinella spiralis infection, type 2 helper T (Th2) cell-related and regulatory T ($T_{reg}$) cell-related immune responses are the most important immune events. In order to clarify which Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are closely associated with these responses, we analyzed the expression of mouse TLR genes in the small intestine and muscle tissue during T. spiralis infection. In addition, the expression of several chemokine- and cytokine-encoding genes, which are related to Th2 and $T_{reg}$ cell mediated immune responses, were analyzed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/TIR-associated proteins (TIRAP) and Toll receptor-associated activator of interferons (TRIF) adapter protein deficient and wild type (WT) mice. The results showed significantly increased TLR4 and TLR9 gene expression in the small intestine after 2 weeks of T. spiralis infection. In the muscle, TLR1, TLR2, TLR5, and TLR9 gene expression significantly increased after 4 weeks of infection. Only the expression of the TLR4 and TLR9 genes was significantly elevated in WT MEF cells after treatment with excretory-secretory (ES) proteins. Gene expression for Th2 chemokine genes were highly enhanced by ES proteins in WT MEF cells, while this elevation was slightly reduced in MyD88/$TIRAP^{-/-}$ MEF cells, and quite substantially decreased in $TRIF^{-/-}$ MEF cells. In contrast, IL-10 and $TGF-{\beta}$ expression levels were not elevated in MyD88/$TIRAP^{-/-}$ MEF cells. In conclusion, we suggest that TLR4 and TLR9 might be closely linked to Th2 cell and $T_{reg}$ cell mediated immune responses, although additional data are needed to convincingly prove this observation.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.2-9
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• 2018

Olfactory receptors (ORs) in mammals are generally considered to function as chemosensors in the olfactory organs of animals. They are membrane proteins that traverse the cytoplasmic membrane seven times and work generally by coupling to heterotrimeric G protein. The OR is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds the guanine nucleotide-binding $G{\alpha}_{olf}$ subunit and the $G{\beta}{\gamma}$ dimer to recognize a wide spectrum of organic compounds in accordance with its cognate ligand. Mammalian ORs were originally identified from the olfactory epithelium of rat. However, it has been recently reported that the expression of ORs is not limited to the olfactory organ. In recent decades, they have been found to be expressed in diverse organs or tissues and even tumors in mammals. In this review, the expression and expected function of olfactory receptors that exist throughout an organism's system are discussed.

• BMB Reports
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.288-293
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• 2003

Low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase (LMW-PTP) has been implicated in modulating the EphB1-mediated signaling pathway. In this study, we demonstrated that the EphA8 receptor phosphorylates LMW-PTP in vitro. In addition, we discovered that mixing these two proteins leads to EphA8 dephosphorylation in the absence of phosphatase inhibitors. Finally, we demonstrated that LMW-PTP, modified by the EphA8 autokinase activity, possesses enhanced catalytic activity in vitro. These results suggest that LMW-PTP may also participate in a feedback-control mechanism of the EphA8 receptor autokinase activity in vivo.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1994년도 춘계학술대회 and 제3회 신약개발 연구발표회
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• pp.292-292
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• 1994

Catecholamines acting through ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptors regulate a wide range of metabolic activities in mammalian tissue. Of the various receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase, the ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptors are the most extensively characterized and have been purified from both nonmammal ian and mammal inn sources. However, most studies of the molecular properties of ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptors have been confined to peripheral tissues. Less progress has been achieved in characterizing the brain ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptor The goal of the present study was, therefore, to purify and characterize the neurotransmitter receptor proteins. To achieve this goal, the following stepwise experiments were performed. At first, the membrane-bound ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptors were. solubi1ized from brain tissue. Secondly, conditions for affinity chromatography were determined to purify the solubilized receptors effectively. Finally, the large-scale purification was performed and the characteristics of the purified ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptor were examined.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 1998년도 춘계 총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.31-35
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• 1998

1. INTRODUCTION : Recognition and binding of organic substrates by biological molecules are of vital importance in biophysics and biophysical chemistry. Most studies of the application focused on the development of biosensors, which detected reaction products generated by the binding between enzymes and substrates. Other types of biosensors in which membrane proteins (e.g., nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, auxin receptor ATPase, maltose bining protein, and glutmate receptor) were utilized as a receptor function were also developed. In the previous study[1], the shifts in membrane potential, caused by the injection of substrates into a permeation cell, were measured using immobilized glucose oxidase membranes. It was suggested that the reaction product was not the origin of the potential shifts, but the changes in the charge density in the membrane due to the binding between the enzyme and the substrates generated the potential shifts. In this study, $\gamma$-globulin was immobilized (entrapped) in a poly($\gamma$-amino acid) network, and the shifts in the membrane potential caused by the injection of some amino acids were investigated.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.275.1-275.1
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• 2002

It has been proposed that G protein interacts with receptor via multiple interaction sites. With regard to this, C-terminus of the G${\alpha}$ subunit is clearly not the only structural determinant on the G proteins that is critical for receptor coupling selectivity, but the extreme N-terminus of Ga subunit and other structural elements were proposed to be responsible for dictating the interaction with receptors. (omitted)

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.5675-5680
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• 2013

Background: Preexisting type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects the prognosis and mortality of patients with some cancers. Insulin like growth factor (IGF) and insulin receptor (IR) signaling axes play important roles in both cancer and diabetes development. We aimed to explore the expression characteristics of proteins in IGF/IR axis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases with preexisting T2DM. Methods: Fifty-five NSCLC patients with preexisting T2DM were retrospectively included and matched by 55 NSCLC without diabetes at a 1:1 ratio. The expression of proteins in IGF/IR axis was detected by immunohistochemical staining. Clinicopathological data were collected to analyze their relationship with the protein expression. Results: Both IGF 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2) showed higher expression in the NSCLC with T2DM group, compared with those without T2DM. The high expression of IGF-1R and IRS-2 were found to be negatively associated with lymph node metastases and T staging in the T2DM group, respectively, and IRS-2 expression was also found more in the subgroup whose T2DM duration was more than 4 years. No difference was detected in the expression of IRS-1, IGF-1, IGF-2, IGFBP3, IR and mTOR between groups with or without T2DM. Conclusion: Our study found higher expression of IGF-1R and IRS-2 proteins in NSCLC patients with preexisting T2DM, and that there was an association with early stage NSCLC, which suggested that IGF signaling may play an important early event in development of NSCLC associated with diabetes.

• BMB Reports
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.89-91
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• 2000

In this investigation we report our search for the presence of Leucine Rich Repeats (LRRs) in various Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sub species. Leucine rich repeats are short sequence motifs present in some proteins. The consensus sequence corresponding to the LRR was present in Crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis sub species. This LRR sequence has been predicted to be involved in proteinprotein interactions or receptor binding functions, hence the importance of this study.