• 비교문화연구
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• 제25권
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• pp.107-129
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• 2011

This article aims to observe the role of Arabic and analyze the future of Arabic in France under the base of the Al-Sabhan Rabina Baldhawe's article, published in mettre l'importance sur University Paris 8 in 2007. In the first part, we have focus into the historical analysis: in France, with a few Arabic and French policy has been settled for what were examined. Also enable the use of Arabic in France with regard to trends of Maghreb countries and other Arab countries, is being led by noted. In the second part, we put on the importance about the situation of Arabic in the France's educational institution. And we have analysed the reasons why Arabic became the most important reason for learning the target language: - in order to faciliate the children of immigrants living in Maghreb able to speak French - Due to differences in culture and language experience to relieve the psychological insecurity above sea - By using the Arabic language at home among family members, strengthen solidarity and resolve heterogeneity In the third part, we have recognized that the French education system was looked at in the Journal of Arabic teaching elementary, middle and high school courses, separated by a learning Arabic as the target language. Finally, we have tried to find a way to revitalize Arabic in France in connection with Sabhan Rabina Al-Baldhawe concrete example of the paper were based on a survey. France and the Arab countries' relationship has been long enough to prove the historic aspects and economic cooperation have maintained a relationship even tighter. Arabic, many of the French people also need education and children to learn Arabic in the French educational institution that has shown a positive stance. French students learning Arabic as a future career in choosing the width of the wider benefits it helps to have. Learning Arabic in the course need to be addressed is also true that a lot of points. But the Arabic and various aspects of internal organization is considered a minority in the popular Arabic language training in France has become more competitive in research and analysis to be active stance is required externally, such as the increase of trade agreements and economic systems side at the level of cultural exchange and international co-operation system, strengthening its position as the Arabic language in France.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 1998

본 연구는 김치첨가용 수산부재료(젓갈류 포함)의 사용현황과 문제점, 개선방향 등을 조사하여 수산물 첨가김치의 과학적 제조기술 및 산업화를 위한 김치조미료 개발을 위한 기초자료로 이용코져 실시하였다. 조사대상자는 주로 $30{\sim}50$세 연령대의 가정주부였으며 가족형태는 핵가족 형태로 월평균소득이 $100{\sim}200$ 만원대의 중간소득층이었다. 김치의 기호도는 조사대상자의 65.3%가 매우 좋아 하는 필수식품으로 아직은 우리나라 부식으로 중요한 위치를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 매일 먹지 않아도 크게 불편하지 않다 6.0%, 싫어한다 0.5%로 나타나 향후 상용식품으로서의 김치의 입지가 변할 것으로 생각된다. 김치를 담글 때 젓갈과 수산물을 첨가하는 이유는 김치의 맛과 냄새를 좋게 하기 때문에, 김치의 영양가를 높여주기 때문에가 각각 79.5%와 54.2%로 나타났으며 첨가하지 않는 이유는 주로 맛과 냄새를 좋지 않게 하기 때문에, 젓갈이 위생상태가 불안해서, 김치를 오래 저장할 수 없기 때문에가 각각 13.5%, 1%, 12.8% 로 나타났다. 김치첨가용 수산부재료중 가장 선호하는 젓갈은 멸치젓(84.9%)과 새우젓(69.1%)이었으며 가장 선호하는 수산물(해조류 제외)은 생굴(76.4%)과 작은 생새우(54.7%)이었고 가장 선호하는 해조류는 청각(58.8%)으로 나타났으나 수산물(해조류 제외)을 사용하지 않는다가 15.3%로 해조류를 사용하지 않는다가 31.4%로 나타났다. 김치의 국제적 발전을 위해서는 대부분의 응답자가 한국김치의 식품학적 특성을 살리되 풍미를 국제감각에 맞도록 발전(86.5%)시키고 위생적 안정성 확보가 가장 중요하다(50.9%)고 응답하였다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.86-97
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• 1978

The mobile medical service has been operated for many years by a number of medical schools and hospitals as a most convenient means of medical service delivery to the people residing in such area where the geographical and socioeconomic conditions are not good enough to enjoy modern medical care. Despite of official appraisal showing off simply with numbers of outpatients treated and medical persons participated, however, as well recognized, the capability (in respect of budget, equipment and time) of those mobile medical teams is so limitted that it often discourages the recipients as well as medical participants themselves. In the midst of rising need to secure medical service of good quality to all parts of the country, and of developing concept of primary health care system, authors evaluated the effectiveness of and problems associated with mobile medical servies program through the community diagnosis of a village (Opo-myun, Kwangju-gun) to obtain the information which may be halpful for future improvement. 1. Owing to the nationwide Sae-Maul movement powerfully practiced during last several years, living environment of farm villages generally and remarkably improved including houses, water supply and wastes disposal etc. Neverthless, due to limitations in budget time and lack of knowledge (probably the most important), these improvements tend to keep up appearances only and are far from the goal which may being practical benefit in promoting the health of the community. 2. As a result of intensive population policy led by the government since 1962, there has been considerable advances in understanding and the rate of practicing family planning through out the villages and yet, one should see many things, especially education, to be done. Fifty eight per cent of mothers have not received prenatal check and the care for most (72%) delivery was offered by laymen at home. 3. Approximately seven per cent of the population was reported to have chronic illness but since only a few (practically none) of the people has had physical check up by doctors, the actual prevalence of chronic diseases may reach many times of the reported. The same fact was observed also in prevalence of tuberculosis; the patients registered at local health center totaled 31 comprising only 0.51% while the numbers in two neighboring villages (designated as demonstration area of tuberculosis control and mass examination was done recently) were 3.5 and 4.0% respectively. Prevalence rate of all dieseses and injuries expereinced during one month (July, 1977) was 15.8%. Only one tenth of those patients received treatment by physicians and one fifth was not treated at all. The situation was worse as for the chronic patients; 84% of all cases either have never been treated or discontinued therapy, and the main reasons were known to be financial difficulty and ignorance or indifference. 4. Among the patients treated by our mobile clinic, one third was chronic cases and 45% of all patients, by the opinion of doctors attended, were those who may be treated by specially trained nurses or other paramedics (objects of primary care). Besides, 20% of the cases required professional managements of level beyond the mobile team's capability and in this sense one may conclude that the effectiveness (performance) of present mobile medical team is quite limitted. According to above findings, the authors would like to suggest following for mobile medical service and overall medicare program for the people living in remote country side. 1. Establishment of primary health care system secured with effective communication and evacuation (between villages and local medical center) measures. 2. Nationwide enforcement of medical insurance system. 3. Simple outpatient care which now constitutes the main part of the most mobile medical services should largely be yielded up to primary health care unit of the village and the mobile team itself should be assigned on new and more urgent missions such as mass screening health examination of the villagers, health education with modern and effective audiovisual aids, professional training and consultant services for the primary health care organization.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.133-150
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• 1996

농촌의 최하위 계층 중심지에 발달한 정기시의 이동상인과 소비자의 공간적 특성을 파악하기 위하여 오래 전부터 개시(開市)된 옥천군 청산 정기시를 대상으로 출시자를 조사하여 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 점이 밝혀졌다. 이동상인은 장년 내지 노년층으로 구성되어 있으며, 일용잡화와 농산물을 취급하고, 정기시 출시(出市)의 주된 유형은 청산$\rightarrow$원남$\rightarrow$보온의 유형과 청산$\rightarrow$영동$\rightarrow$용산의 유형이다. 상인의 거주지는 정기시가 입지한 지역이 가장 많고 이어서 인접해 있는 하위 중심지인 청성면, 상위계층 중심지인 보은 영동읍과 대전시, 그리고 보은군 원남면으로, 이들은 정기시를 매일 자기 집에서 5일에 3일 이상 출시하거나 특정한 하나의 정기시만을 5일에 하루 출시하는 형태를 취하고 있다. 정기시를 이용하는 소비자는 $30{\sim}50$대가 대부분이고, 한달에 $2{\sim}6$회 정기시에서 재화를 구입하며, 이용하는 교통수단은 주로 버스이다. 그리고 생활필수품을 구입하기 위하여 출시하는데, 구입하는 상품은 주로 식료품이고 전문계도 고차 중심지보다 이 지역의 상위 중심지인 청산에서 구입하는데 이는 타 지역과 교통이 불편하고 거리도 밀어 상품을 구입할 매 비용이 추가되며, 상품을 구입한 후에도 아프터서비스를 받는데에도 불리하기 때문이다. 그러나 청산 정기시에서 구입하지 못하는 선매재나 전문재는 거리가 가까운 보은읍보다는 상위 중심지인 영동읍이나 대전시에서 구입하고 있다. 최하위 중심지의 정기시는 농촌인구의 감소, 주민의 소득증대와 생활수준의 향상, 중심지의 상설 상업시설의 등장, 유통기구의 변화, 교통기관의 발달 등 정기시의 외적 환경들이 변화됨에 따라 이동상인의 출시형태가 변화되었으나 상대적으로 교통이 불편한 지역의 소비자는 편의(便宜) 선매재(選買財)뿐만 아니라 전문재(專門財)도 최저차 중심지에서 많이 구입하고 있다는 점이 밝혀졌다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.217-226
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• 2017

오늘날 대부분의 국가는 기후변화 문제에 직면해 있으며, 특히 군소도서개발국들(SIDS: Small Island Developing States)은 기후변화의 영향에 가장 취약하다. 이들은 전력생산 및 교통부문에 있어 수입된 석유와 화석 연료에 크게 의존하고 있으므로 유가 변동에 따라 경제적으로 매우 영향을 받는다. 군소도서개발국들(SIDS)이 디젤 연료에 의존하는 이유 중 하나는 외딴 섬에 인구가 분산되어 있어서 계통연결을 통한 전력공급이 어렵기 때문이다. 군소도서개발국들 중 피지(Fiji)는 기후변화의 심각성을 인식하고 기후 변화의 영향을 줄이기 위한 '국가계획'을 통해 신재생에너지 사용을 적극 장려하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 피지의 마부바 섬(Mavuva Island)을 대상으로 HOMER 프로그램을 사용하여 태양광, 에너지저장장치 및 디젤 발전의 조합을 통하여 최적의 에너지 시스템을 시뮬레이션하고 분석한다. 태양광과 디젤 발전을 합친 하이브리드 에너지시스템이 이 지역의 실행가능성 및 가격 측면에서 가장 효과적이고, 온실가스 감축효과도 큰 것으로 파악되었다.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.547-580
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• 2013

상품 및 서비스 소비구조의 변경을 통해 에너지절약이 실현될 수 있기 때문에 가정부문의 간접 및 총 에너지소비를 추정할 필요가 있다. 가정부문의 직간접 에너지소비를 보다 정확히 추정하기 위해 본 연구는 기업과 소비자(가정부문) 간 석유제품 및 전력의 가격을 차별화하였다. 한국의 가정부문은 1995-2010년 기간 중 한국 1차 에너지소비 중 55% 이상을 소비하였다. 가정부문의 에너지소비 중 69% 이상이 간접 에너지소비였다. 따라서 가정부문의 직접뿐만 아니라 간접 에너지소비도 에너지절약의 대상이 되어야 한다. 전력 소비는 2009년 한국의 가정부문의 주 에너지소비가 되었다. 생활수준이 향상됨으로써 가정부문은 전력 원단위가 높은 상품과 서비스를 소비하게 되었다. 한국 가정부문이 소비하는 제품의 에너지 원단위가 낮아짐으로써, 에너지소비의 증가율이 감소하게 되었다. 반면에 한국 가정부문의 상품 및 서비스 소비구조는 에너지 다소비형으로 변경되어 오히려 에너지소비 증가를 가속시키는 결과를 초래함으로써, 구조효과는 악화되었다. 이에 따라 에너지정책은 에너지소비를 감소시키기 위해 소비자로 하여금 에너지 저소비형 재화와 용역을 소비하도록 유도하여야 한다. 에너지 저소비형 소비를 촉진시킬 수 있는 주요 수단인 에너지가격 현실화가 요구된다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.28-40
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• 1990

Rapid industrialization has induced the migration of rural people to urban areas. Such migration has created enlarged the existing low income group. Residents of low income area have increased health risk owing to their poor living environment, low income. overwork and inappropriate health care. The general objective of this study was to group the pattern of medical care utilization of low income group. The specific objectives were to identify disease prevalence and medical care utilization of low income group. To meet the objectives of this study, household interview method was applied. A total of 1845 households in 5 areas such as Bongchon 5th Dong, Bongchon 2nd Dong, Sanggae 5th Dong, Sanggae 4th Dong, and Shinrim 7th Dong were visited and interviewed by field team during the period from April 19 to May 3. 1989. The major findings obtained from the information collected were as follows : The Number of room per household used was one to two rooms. The employment state of the head of household disclosed that 88.6% had a job and the remaining 11.4% were unemployed. The average monthly income was 502,770won. however, 30% of the total income was less than 300,000 won in Bongchon 5th dong area. and 34.5% in Shinrim 7th Dong area. 41.3% of households had debts, which was consisted of household expense(33.4%), income formulation(22.7%) and medical care cost(15.9%) etc. Prevalence rate of diseases during the preceding 30days before the date of the household interview was 387.7 per 1000 persons. The prevalence rate of female was higher than that of male. 8.9% of the sick persons wasn't receiving any medical treatment, and the main reasons of which were lack of economic availability(43.3%) and feeling of non treatment needed(33.7%). According to the study results it was found that the prevalence rate of chroic diseases and the disabled in low income resident areas was higher than that in the other areas. Therefore, the health status of this group should be improved through PHC approaches. In addition. in order to prevent the diseases and promote the health of those people, the health center as well as health subcenter should be strengthened.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.86-90
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• 2009

식용얼음은 식품의 제조 가공 조리 등에 직접 사용하거나 그대로 먹기 위해 먹는 물을 얼린 얼음을 뜻하며 얼음의 제조 및 판매 과정에서 미생물이 교차 오염되면 식중독 및 장염을 유발한다. 또한 식용얼음 뿐만 아니라 상수계통, 약수물, 상수와 냉온수기의 정수된 물에서도 여러 가지 원인에 의해서 세균이 증식하는 것으로 나타났다. 이런 이유로 대구시 북구지역에서 생산되는 식용얼음의 위생 상태를 살펴보고자 무작위로 15곳을 선정하여 Brain Heart Infusion 배지에서 세균을 배양한 결과 1곳을 제외한 14곳의 검체에서 균이 증식 되었고 그람염색 결과, 그람음성간균이 80% 차지하였고 그람양성구균 17% 그리고 그람음성구균 3%의 분포를 나타냈다. 그람음성간균의 잠정적인 동정방법으로 API 20E kit와 API 20NE kit를 이용한 결과 Enterobacter cloacae, Chryseomonas luteola, Pantoea spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Providencia rettgeri 등이 검출 되었다. 5곳에서 분리된 그람양성구균을 API Staph kit를 이용한 잠정적 동정결과 L업소에서 분리된 균은 식중독을 일으키는 병원성이 강한 Staphylococcus aureus로 동정되었다. 본 연구에서는 대구시 북구 지역의 식용 얼음류에 존재하는 일반세균 및 병원성 세균의 분포를 조사함으로 식용얼음의 위생 상태에 대한 주의를 부각시키고 나아가 대구시 타지역의 식용얼음에 대한 세균분포 조사 및 위생상태 점검에 대한 필요성을 시사한다.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.99-113
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• 1997

본 연구는 영농을 목적으로 도시에서 농촌으로 거주지를 이동하는 귀향농가의 발생이유와 그들의 적응과정을 미시적 사례분석을 통해 밝히고자 하였다. 1980년대 이전의 귀향농가 발생은 가족 부양이나 도시적응실패 등의 사회적 원인이었지만 최근의 귀향농가 발생은 재배작물의 수익성을 고려한 경제적 원인이 더 크게 작용된 결과이다. 귀향농가의 발생유형은 이촌 후 고향으로 귀농하는 경우가 많지만 직접적인 영농경험이 없는 도시거주자가 수익성을 고려한 특정작물의 재배를 목적으로 귀농하기도 한다. 특히 최근의 귀향농가는 농업경영형태에 있어서 소유농지가 전혀없이 순수 임차에 의해 발생되기도 하며 농지의 매입보다 임차지의 확대를 통해 경영규모를 확대하고 있다. 그런점에서 귀향농가의 증가는 산업화 이후 노동력부족에 따른 농촌의 경지이응을 저하를 완화시키는 방안이 될 수 있다. 현재까지는 귀향농가의 비중이 미약한 것이 사실이지만 최근들어 증가 추세에 있고 귀향하는 경영주가 젊은 연령층이므로 이들에 의한 파급효과는 기대해 볼 수 있다. 따라서 과소지역으로서의 농촌문제 해결을 위해서는 귀향농가를 위한 적극적인 대책이 모색되어야 하는데 이들의 성공적인 정착을 위해서는 자금지원이나 영농조건의 개선도 중요하지만 교육여건과 생활시설의 개선 등 하부구조의 확충이 무엇보다 절실하다.

• 대한간호
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.85-98
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data regarding effective learning opportunities in childbirth education classes. Also analysis of the data indicates the optimum conditions for the welfare and improvements in the promotion of health in childbearing mothers. The results of this study are as follows; 1) The average age of the subjects in this study was 30.6 years and the total number of subjects was 58 pregnant women. The average number of children was one and 84.5% of the subjects were unemployed even though 63.8% of them held over bachelor's degrees. It was found that 22.4% of the subjects were living in an extended family. Also 61.5% of them were living with parents-in-law. The number of pregnancies were calssified as one, two, or three to nine times with the percentages of 58.7%, 22.4% and 18.9%, respectively. Further, 72.4% of the subjects had no abortion experience and 15.5% had one aborion experience. While 89.7% of the subjects planned to feed their babies with breastmilk, mixed feeding were used by only 22.4% of the sample. These data were collected at about 6 months after delivery. Thus one can see that a low rate of breastfeeding was common. 2) The length of one period of childbirth education is four weeks. It was found that 36.2% of the subjects participated in childbirth education only once, where as 13.8% participated four times and 19% of the subjects participated in this class more than four times. pregnant at least once. Further, 75.9% of the participants were participated in this education through their own will. Their motivation for participation developed through information, advertisement and posters which contained information on childbirth education. Those with unplanned pregnancies 92.9% participated after a suggestion by the nurses. The number of participants in terms of percentage according to the childbirth education contents can be classified as following. The most active participation was shown in preparation of delivery(77.6%), postpartrm management(56.9%) fetal development(37.6%) and physiology of pregnancy(17.2%). It was found that 75.9% of the subjects were willing to participate again if they were given a chance. The reason can be summarized as following: The content of the education is very helpful(47.7%). Scientific knowledge can be obtained through this program(20.5%). Participation helps in achieving psychological stability(9.1%). Participation enables one to establish a friendly relationship with other participants(6.8%) of the sample. 24.1% of the participants did not want to participate again. The reasons can be as following: They do not want another baby(42.9%). The first paricipation in childbirth education gave enough knowledge about childbirth(21.4%). Another reason for not want to participate again was because they had a cesarean birth(14.3%). Only 7.1% of them responded with a negative view. A response that they do not need childbirth education after their operation can be traced back to the general belief that childbirth education is the place where one prepares for natural birth through the Lamaze breathing technique. Of the subjects, 91.4% suggested that this program could be recommended to other childbearing mothers, because this program gave educational content along with psychological stability for childbearing women. Of the subjects 41.4% did not see any efforts towards the welfare of the baby, where as 88.2% did. Among the subjects 58.6% made some effort to eliminate the discomfort of labor by breathing and imagination and breathing and walking. Further 41.7% of the 24 subjects did not do anything toward the welfare of the baby, because they did have a cesarean section so that they didn't have a chance even though they had been educated about childbirth. Also 33.3% of the subjects did not do anything toward the welfare of the baby, because they lacked a willingness. After leaving the hospital, only 75.9% of the subjects did some exercises. The subjects who tried participate this program with their husband accounted for 20.7% of the sample. Interviewing with the subjects solved some of the uneasiness and. fear of delivery, increased self-confidence in parenting and active coping in the delivery process.