• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.905-913
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• 2017

To design segment lining, loads such as self weight, vertical load, horizontal load, ground reaction, water pressure, backfill grouting pressure et al. have to be considered. Earth pressure and water pressure are the major factor to design segment lining such as concrete strength, segment thickness and amount of rebar et al. To analysis earth pressure and water pressure acting on segment lining, filed monitoring and back analysis are performed in this study.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1077-1080
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• 2005

Using wireless communication that has been developed, it has activated electronic commerce. Thus in this kind of commercial dealing, it is more important to provide user's friendly relation rather than providers mechanical reaction to be one of the important factors. So in this paper, it describes about the development of Client Information Monitoring System(CiMoS) that accumulate user's information during the electronic commerce(wire-less) and evaluate to make server to use it in real time.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.105-114
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• 2020

Background: Exploring the pharmacokinetic (PK) changes of various active components of single herbs and their combinations is necessary to elucidate the compatibility mechanism. However, the lack of chemical standards and low concentrations of multiple active ingredients in the biological matrix restrict PK studies. Methods: A putative multiple reaction monitoring strategy based on liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was developed to extend the PK scopes of quantification without resorting to the use of chemical standards. First, the compounds studied, including components with available reference standard (ARS) and components lacking reference standard (LRS), were preclassified to several groups according to their chemical structures. Herb decoctions were then subjected to ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis with appropriate collision energy (CE) in MS² mode. Finally, multiple reaction monitoring transitions transformed from MS² of ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry were used for ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry to obtain the mass responses of LRS components. LRS components quantification was further performed by developing an assistive group-dependent semiquantitative method. Results: The developed method was exemplified by the comparative PK process of single herbs Radix Ginseng (RG), Radix Polygala (RP), and their combinations (RG-RP). Significant changes in PK parameters were observed before and after combination. Conclusion: Results indicated that Traditional Chinese Medicine combinations can produce synergistic effects and diminish possible toxic effects, thereby reflecting the advantages of compatibility. The proposed strategy can solve the quantitative problem of LRS and extend the scopes of PK studies.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.508-516
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• 2019

Background: Ginsenosides are not only the principal bioactive components but also the important indexes to the quality assessment of Panax ginseng Meyer. Their contents in cultivated ginseng vary with the growth environment and age. The present study aimed at evaluating the significant difference between 36 cultivated ginseng of different cultivation areas and ages based on the simultaneously determined contents of 14 ginsenosides. Methods: A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS) method was developed and used in the multiple reaction-monitoring (MRM) mode (HPLC-MRM/MS) for the quantitative analysis of ginsenosides. Multivariate statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis, was applied to discriminate ginseng samples of various cultivation areas and ages and to discover the differentially accumulated ginsenoside markers. Results: The developed HPLC-MRM/MS method was validated to be precise, accurate, stable, sensitive, and repeatable for the simultaneous determination of 14 ginsenosides. It was found that the 3- and 5-yr-old ginseng samples were differentiated distinctly by all means of multivariate statistical analysis, whereas the 4-yr-old samples exhibited similarity to either 3- or 5-yr-old samples in the contents of ginsenosides. Among the 14 detected ginsenosides, Rg1, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, 20(S)-Rf, 20(S)-Rh1, and Rb3 were identified as potential markers for the differentiation of cultivation ages. In addition, the 5-yr-old samples were able to be classified in cultivation area based on the contents of ginsenosides, whereas the 3- and 4-yr-old samples showed little differences in cultivation area. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the HPLC-MRM/MS method combined with multivariate statistical analysis provides deep insight into the accumulation characteristics of ginsenosides and could be used to differentiate ginseng that are cultivated in different areas and ages.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.330-336
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• 2013

"The Act on Medication Treatment of Sexual Impulse of Sex Offenders" known as chemical castration has been effective since July 2011 in Korea. According to the law, monitoring of male sex hormone in urine is enforced to request National Forensic Service more than once a month after injection of medicine designed to reduce sex impulse. We established a rapid and sensitive method for the monitoring of testosterone (T) and epitestosterone (E) in human urine by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Three mL of urine was pretreated by solid-phase extraction for purification and performed enzymatic hydrolysis. The pretreated samples were extracted twice with 2 ml of ethyl acetate and n-hexane (2 : 3). The separation was applied on Thermo Hypersil GOLD C18 column ($1.9{\mu}m$, $100{\times}2.1mm$). A gradient elution of methanol and water of 0.1% formic acid were used as mobile phase and the retention time was less than 10 min. LC-MS/MS system coupled with an electrospray ionization source was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The transitions of the analytes executed as following: m/z $289{\rightarrow}97$, 109 for T and E, m/z $292{\rightarrow}109$ for $T-d_3$ and $E-d_3$ as internal standards. The validation results of the method were satisfactory. The limits of detection were 0.05 ng/ml and the limits of quantification were 0.1 ng/ml. This method was successfully applied to real human urine sample. The developed method will be useful for monitoring T/E ratio in urine of sex offenders.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.241-246
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• 2015

The interest of New Renewable Energy is increasing globally because of the increment of the uncertainty for the energy's supply and demand, and the increment of the frequency in weather anomaly and its damages. One of the New Renewable Energies, Hydrogen receives attention as the future energy that can deal with global environment regulation. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) is an environment-friendly vehicle that uses Hydrogen as fuel. The electric power for FCEV is generated by chemical reaction with Oxygen from the air and Hydrogen. Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) has developed a proprietary fuel cell system since 2005. In 2012, HMC is the first car maker that mass-produces the ix35 FCEV to the worldwide such as North America, Europe, etc. In order to develop and improve the FCEV technology, data acquisition and analysis of the driving vehicle information is essential. Therefore, the monitoring system is developed, which is consist of datalogger, Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) server and main server. Especially, WCDMA technology is integrated into the system which enables the data analysis without any restriction of time and region. The main function of the system is the analysis of the driving pattern and the component durability, and the safety monitoring. As a result, ix35 FCEV has successfully developed by using the developed monitoring system. The system is going to take an advantage of development in the future FCEV technology.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.120-130
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to analyze and to improve therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM) service of vancomycin in a local hospital. Patients with TDM service between September 2005 and December 2008 were included and the data were collected for vancomycin use and components of TDM. During that period, 421 cases of TDM service of vancomycin in 236 patients were retrospectively reviewed. The first dosages of vancomycin were appropriate in 135(57.2%) patients and administration of vancomycin was discontinued in 126(53.4%) patients due to therapeutic failure or adverse drug reaction. MRSA was identified in 191(80.9%) patients and 135(70.7%) samples for the identification were sputum. According to the TDM reports, 232(55.1%) serum samples were obtained at the steady-state conditions and 55.5% of the samples that were drawn before the steady-state was due to the physician's inappropriate knowledge about the steady-state. Based on the time of vancomycin administration, 35.8% of the samples were not obtained at the recommended sampling time. For the patients in general wards, the most common reason for the incorrect samples was routine serum sampling by the laboratory medicine phlebotomists between 6 and 8 a.m. except sunday. In contrast, samples drawn by nurses or physicians at inappropriate time were the most common reason for the incorrect samples with patients in the intensive care units. Physicians accepted 68.5% of the recommendations for vancomycin dosage and administration. In conclusion, TDM service of vancomycin needs to be improved in inappropriate sampling time and vancomycin dosage. For solving these problems, current team made of TDM pharmacists and physicians of laboratory medicine can be expanded to include a physician of infectious diseases, nurses and laboratory medicine phlebotomists as new members. Through the TDM service of vancomycin by the new team, we can settle the problems and make the guideline for the scientific controversies associated with therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2000

Adverse drug reactions (ADR) may result in increased hospital admissions, morbidity and mortality, adding extra cost to healthcare expenditures. Thus, it is critical to activate ADR monitoring and reporting program in tertiary hospitals in developing countries such as Korea. This study was performed to identify the types of ADR being reported in a tertiary hospital, Samsung Medical Center, and to find out the ways to improve current ADR monitoring system. Of 464 ADR reports submitted to the pharmacy department during the 6-month survey period, $97.8\%$ of the reports were from out patient and $48.5\%$ were from patients aged between 50 and 60. The medical department with the highest frequency in ADR reporting was Internal Medicines $(35.6\%)$. The most common ADR manifestations were gastrointestinal complaints $(43.4\%)\;and\;75\%$ of the reported cases were mild in their severity. The most common drugs suspected of causing ADR were CNS drugs which accounted for $32.8\%$. In terms of causality assessment, $85.1\%$ of the reports were probable cases by WHO causality assessment criteria. In regards to sources of report, $75.6\%$ of ADR were reported by physicians and $24.4\%$ by nurses. There were no ADR reported by pharmacists. In conclusion, there is an urgent need to improve ADR monitoring system for inpatient and to motivate pharmacist involvement in ADR monitoring and reporting in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

We investigated the genotypes of Leptospira spp. detected in symptomatic dogs in Thailand. During April to December 2012, 6 out of 41 client-owned dogs were diagnosed with leptospirosis based on polymerase chain reaction tests. All of the infected dogs showed clinical symptoms related to leptospirosis. Direct genotyping of the causative agent of the canine leptospirosis was conducted from the archival DNA samples extracted from urine or blood of those 6 infected dogs. Sequencing of the partial 16S rRNA and lipL32 genes from all samples identified Leptospira (L.) interrogans as the infecting species. Multilocus sequence typing tests were successful for 2 out of 6 samples. The sequence type (ST) was identified as ST50 for both samples where the profile corresponded to L. interrogans species and Bataviae serogroup. The presence of this genotype of Leptospira has never been reported in Thailand. Thus, our findings showed the existence of ST50 L. interrogans serogroup Bataviae and the ability to cause leptospirosis in dogs in Thailand.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.385-389
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• 2011

A new reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) method for the Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) was developed and compared with conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to address its advantages over RTPCR. RT-LAMP primers were designed from the open reading frame 3 (ORF3) sequence of PLRV. The RT-LAMP reactions were conducted without or with a set of loop primers. By real-time monitoring using Turbimeter, the RT-LAMP (with loop primers) detects PLRV in less than 30 min, compared to 120 min of RT-PCR. By adding fluorescent reagent during the reaction, final products of the RT-LAMP were fluorescently visualized under UV light or could be differentiated by naked-eye inspection under normal light. The RT-LAMP was extremely sensitive, about 2000-fold more sensitive than RT-PCR. This study presents great potential of the RT-LAMP for diagnosis and PLRV epidemiology because RT-LAMP method is speedy, sensitive, inexpensive, and convenient.