• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.255-261
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to compare hepatotoxicity of each treatment for dermatophytosis; one is the administration of the ketoconazole only and the other, ketoconazole with diphenyl-dimeththyl-dicarboxylate. Have chosen the range of 14-24 months of healthy dogs divided by two groups (group 1 and group 2) for the experiment of which test proved positive in dermatophytosis diagnosis and showed normal reaction in terms of physical examination, blood chemistry and especially of liver function. Group 1 was administrated ketoconazole orally at 10 mg/kg/day and of same dose of ketoconazole with diphenyl-dimethyl-dicarboxylate for group 2. After administering, we have tested two groups by blood collecting every one week in order to check the differences of hepatotoxicity state through AST, ALT and r-GTP, the barometers of liver function which lasted for 12 weeks. Moreover, tested Indocyanine Green (ICG), known as susceptible gauge of function of excretion before starting the experiment and tested ICG as well after 12 weeks. The experiment of result the value of group 1 in AST, ALT and r-GTP has been highly rised after administering ketoconazole for 10 weeks meanwhile, of group 2 has shown a steady state troughout the whole experiment. For ICG test, we injected 0.5 mg/kg of ICG into a vein for both groups and tested the retention rate at regular interval of 15, 30, 45 minutes. The results of retention rate in two groups were similar to before the drug administration. However, after 12 weeks the retention rate of group 1 has been delayed, on the other hand, retention rate of group 2 were a steady state. In conclusion, the administration of ketoconazole only for a long period of time induced hepatotoxicity where as, the administration of ketoconazole with diphenyl-dimethyl-dicarboxylate didn't induce hepatotoxicity. Therefore, when doctors prescribes for a dog with dermatophytosis should not administrate ketoconnazole itself but with diphenyl-dimethyl-dicarboxylate and one who has abnormal condition of liver function should not be prescribed ketoconazole treatment. If there is a case needed to prescribe ketoconazole treatment, the regular monitoring should be accompanied by at the same time.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.956-964
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• 2020

The radical scavenging activity measurement system linked with liquid chromatography (LC) is a useful tool for identifying the radical scavenging active compound in a sample composed of numerous compounds such as plant extracts. Using this system, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were measured on extracts of Ulmus pumila cortex, which is known as an herbal medicine with antioxidant activity. Mass spectrometry (MS) was performed on the identified radical scavenging active compounds to identify the four components estimated to be procyanidin B2, procyanidin B3, catechin-7-O-β-D-apiofuranoside, and catechin-5-O-β-D-apiofuranoside, respectively. In order to compare the relative contents between extract samples, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode analysis conditions were set for the four compounds in order to examine the possibility of comparing the content of radical scavenging active compounds in Ulmus pumila cortex extract using LC-MS/MS. As a result of the relative content comparison, it was found that the higher the ethanol concentration of the extraction solvent, the higher the content of radical scavenging active compounds. As with the results of measuring the radical scavenging activity of each extract, it was confirmed that the content difference of three of the compounds (all except the compound estimated as procyanidin B3) was not significantly observed in the extracts with an ethanol concentration of 50% or more.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 2010

Metals and sulfate can be considerably dissolved at low pH condition in the acid mine drainage(AMD) and it would make an environmental problems. There are only few of acid mine drainage treatment systems in Korea which are operating, but these still have an effect on the surrounding stream. In this study, quantification of indicator microorganisms was conducted to judge the environmental impact of AMD on microflora by quantitative real-time PCR in the drainage samples of four mines and the water samples of each surrounding stream. Two species of iron reducing bacteria(Rhodoferax ferrireducens T118 and Acidiphilium cryptum JF-5) were selected for indicator bacteria based on 16S rRNA cloning analysis, and sulfate reducing bacteria(Desulfosporosinus orientus), iron and sulfur oxidizing bacteria(Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans) and iron oxidizing bacteria(Leptosprillum ferrooxidans) were included into indicator since these were found in the previous studies on the mining area. Thereafter, the comparative analysis of four mines were established by the microbiological variation index and it was determined that the biological environment effect of AMD is highest in Samtan mine which doesn t contain treatment system by the value.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.263-271
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• 2014

In this study, we developed a cost and time saving one-step multiplex RT-PCR for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of swine influenza viruses (SIV) and 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 virus (pH1N1). The one-step multiplex RT-PCR using four sets of primer was confirmed to be capable of detection of all SIV subtypes and differential diagnosis of major SIV subtype H1, H3 and pH1N1 on individual or mixed viral culture samples. The sensitivity of the multiplex RT-PCR was determined to be at least $2^{-6}$ $HA/25{\mu}L$ of the presented SIVs, providing sufficient efficacy for a routine SIV monitoring in diagnostic laboratories. In addition, compared with the conventional RT-PCR methods that cannot avoid the carryover DNA contamination, the developed RT-PCR applied with the uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) system was proven to prevent a false positive reaction by carryover contamination of the pre-amplified DNA. In conclusion, the one-step RT-PCR with UNG system could be applicable to detect and differentiate of SIV from the viral cultures without worry of carryover DNA contamination in clinical laboratories.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.523-532
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• 2010

The proposed method is simple, sensitive and specific Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCESI-MS/MS) method for the quantification of Entacapone (EA) in human plasma using Entacapone-d10 (EAD10) as an internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was performed on Zorbax SB-C18, $2.1{\times}50\;mm$, $5\;{\mu}m$ column, mobile phase composed of 10 mM Ammonium formate (pH 3.0): Acetonitrile (60:40 v/v), with a flow-rate of 0.7 mL/min, followed by Liquid-liquid extraction. EA and EAD10 were detected with proton adducts at m/z $306.1{\rightarrow}233.1$ and $316.3{\rightarrow}233.0$ in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) positive mode respectively. The method was validated over a linear concentration range of 1.00 - 2000.00 ng/mL with correlation coefficient ($r^2$) $\geq$ 0.9993. Intra and inter-day Precision within 3.60 to 7.30 and 4.20 to 5.50% and Accuracy within 97.30 to 104.20 and 98.30 to 105.80% proved for EA. This method is successfully applied in the bioequivalence study of healthy Indian human volunteers.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.219-223
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• 2003

Response surface methodology was used for monitoring and optimizing the extraction conditions of campesterol, stigmasterol, ${\beta}$ -sitosterol, and total sterols from the safflower seed. The conditions of phytosterol extraction were optimized by using central composite design with the temperature(35∼75$^{\circ}C$, X$_1$), the time (1∼11hr, X$_2$), and the preheating temperature(60∼100$^{\circ}C$, X$_3$) as three variables. The extraction conditions for maximum campesterol content were 59.01$^{\circ}C$(X$_1$), 2.88hr(X$_2$), and 75.04$^{\circ}C$(X$_3$). But stigmasterol, ${\beta}$ -sitosterol and total sterols were not significantly different under designed extraction condition in this study. Besides, oil was extracted from safflower seed at various conditions and yields were 23.44% at 35$^{\circ}C$ and 20.05% at 80$^{\circ}C$, respectively. Total tocopherol content increased from 0.172% to 0.207% as the extraction temperature increased from 35$^{\circ}C$ to 80$^{\circ}C$. A structured lipids(SL) was synthesized enzymatically by extracted safflower oil and conjugated linoleic acid(CLA). After 24hr reaction, 31.79 mol% CLA was incorporated into the extracted safflower oil.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.133-144
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• 2020

As a part of the second-year monitoring study on the implementation of the 2015 revised science curriculum in middle schools, this study focuses more on examining middle school science teachers' perceptions on the process-based assessment (PBA). A total of 105 middle school science teachers (44 teachers from science leading schools, 61 teachers from ordinary schools) responded to the survey questionnaire, and 16 teachers participated in interviews. The results include teachers' perceptions on the changes in their teaching and assessment methods, some challenges of implementing PBA, and educational implications of PBA. Survey results indicate that the teachers perceived themselves using more PBA methods after the 2015 revised science curriculum was launched. The teachers in science-leading schools present statistically higher average scores to the items on the PBA utilization than the ones in ordinary schools. However, the teachers felt confused in conceptually differentiating PBA from prior performance-based assessment. They also experienced some conflicts when implementing PBA under the achievement-oriented school atmospheres. In addition, they often faced difficulties in securing objectivity and reliability of PBA and felt the burden of evaluating individual students. This study suggests the necessity of giving more authority and trust to science teachers regarding PBA, constructing more supportive environment to cultivate teacher competency as evaluation experts, and the need to reduce task burden. However, some teachers who actively implemented PBA express some level of satisfaction as observing students' positive reaction to PBA.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2008

The present study describes the evaluation of the bioequivalence of two atorvastatin tablets, Lipitor $Tablet^{(R)}$ (Pfizer, reference drug) and Atorva $Tablet^{(R)}$ (Yuhan, test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Forty-nine healthy male Korean volunteers received each medicine at the atorvastatin dose of 40 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study with a two weeks washout interval. After drug administration, serial blood samples were collected at a specific time interval from 0-48 hours. The plasma atorvastatin concentrations were monitored by an high performance liquid chromatography -tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) employing electrospray ionization technique and operating in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and positive ion mode. The total chromatographic run time was 4.5 min and calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 0.1-100 ng/mL for atorvastatin. The method was validated for selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, accuracy and precision. $AUC_t$ (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 48hr) was calculated by the linear log trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were complied trom the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for Atorva $Tablet^{(R)}$ / Lipitor $Tablet^{(R)}$ were ${\log}\;0.9413{\sim}{\log}\;1.0179$ and ${\log}\;0.831{\sim}{\log}\;1.0569$, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of ${\log}\;0.8{\sim}{\log}\;1.25$. Based on these statistical considerations, it was concluded that the test drug, Atorva $Tablet^{(R)}$ was bioequivalent to the reference drug, Lipitor $Tablet^{(R)}$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.47-52
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• 2009

This study has been to examine the occupational exposure levels of Fluorouracil (5-FU) in a hospital and to investigate the most effective cleaning reagent for control. Fluorouracil is one of the cytotoxic drugs which are therapeutic agents used to treat cancer. The health practitioners working in the cytotoxic work room and oncology ward areas are exposed to adverse health risks like cytogenetic and DNA damage from cytotoxic drugs exposure by frequent skin contact from contaminated surfaces. Four kinds of cleaning reagents has been examined to degrade the 5-FU. It was found that 5-FU was only degraded soon after the reaction in 0.5%(w/v) NaClO solution. Therefore, 0.5%(w/v) NaClO solution has been chosen to decompose any residues on the contamination surfaces. A substantial level of contamination was found on the surfaces of cytotoxic work room and oncology ward areas. The contamination ranges of the surfaces in cytotoxic work room and oncology ward areas were from 2.0 to $13.8{\mu}g/m^2$ and 5.39 to $11.53{\mu}g/m^2$ respectively. Consequently, regulation of the occupational exposure limit, procedure of special cleaning, and the use of personal protective equipment are recommended during the manipulation and administration of the drugs to avoid skin contamination from cytotoxic drugs like 5-FU.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.292-300
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• 1996

Hexavalent chromium($Cr^{+6}$) compounds are considered to be particularly hazardous, primarily because of the associated risk of allergic reaction and cancer. The analytic method of hexavalent chromium such as the s-diphenylcarba-zide(DPC) method and all ether previously used methods are often made uncertain due to significant interferences from organic components. This report can provide a technique for the more rapid and simple determination of total hexavalent chromium. than other currently using methods. The s-diphenylcarbazide method proposed by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has low recovery rate(15.67 - 48.20%) due to interference, iron chloride and nickel chloride. A microwave oven technique has high recovery rate(about 70%) of insoluble hexavalent chromium. For the difference of ionic charges of $Cr^{+3}$-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA) chelate and $CrO_4{^{-2}}$, we could detect them simultaneously by ion exchanged high performance liquid chromatography. The confirmation of $Cr^{+3}$ and $Cr^{+6}$ were checked by fraction collector and flameless atomic absorption spectrometer. We observed that the small amount of hexavalent chromium is converted to trivalent chromium due to enhancement of chromium reduction by $Fe^{+3}$ or $Ni^{+2}$. As a result of this study, on the analysis of insoluble hexavalent chromium with microwave oven was used for, it may be better and more precise analysis after pretreatment by 2% NaOH-3% $Na_2CO_3$ and then analysis UV-spectrophotometer. It should be done for various studies on insoluble hexavalent chromium on the basis work environmental monitoring so called welding, painting etc.