• 대한한의학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.98-106
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• 2010

Objective: To examine the in vitro antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of Amomum xanthoides extract and its fractions. Methods: Methanol extract of Amomum xanthoides was fractionated into three fractions; petroleum ether fraction (PFAX), water fraction (WFAX) and ethyl acetate fraction (AFAX). The antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of these fractions were compared by in vitro experiments. Results: The total phenols content and DPPH (1 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity was found significant in AFAX when compared with other fractions (PFAX, WFAX). AFAX significantly inhibited NO production by RAW 264.7 cells in LPS-activated condition. In Hep $G_2$ cells, AFAX markedly prevented the leakage of LDH and release of AST against CCl4 challenge. Conclusion: Amomum xanthoides and especially ethyl acetate fraction have potent antioxidative and hepatoprotective properties.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.78-84
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• 2002

Taurine (2-ethaneaminosulfonic acid, $^+{NH}_3{CH_2}{CH_2}{SO_3^{-}}$) is endogenous amino acid with functions as modulator of osmoregulation, antioxidation, detoxification, transmembrane calcium transport, and a free radical scavenger in mammalian tissues. Taurine transporter(TAUT) contains 12 transmembrane helices, which are typical of the $Na^+$- and $Cl^-$-dependent transporter gene family, and has been cloned recently from several species and tissues. To analyze the expression of TAUT mRNA, one step RT-PCR was performed from human and mouse cultured cell lines and from various mouse tissues. The primers were designed to encode highly conserved amino acid sequences at the second transmembrane domain and at the fourth and fifth intracellular domains. RT-PCR analysis showed both of the human intestine HT-29 and mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cell lines expressed mRNA of TAUT. To define the expression patterns of the TAUT mRNA in the murine organs, RT-PCR was performed to detect cDNA representing TAUT mRNA from seven different mouse tissues. The TAUT was detected in all of the mouse tissues analyzed such as heart, lung, thymus, kidney, liver, spleen and brain. A large amount of transcript was fecund from heart, liver, spleen, kidney, and brain, while lung contained a very small amount of transcript.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.413-419
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• 2020

Eosinophilia occurs commonly in many diseases including allergic diseases and helminthic infections. Toxocariasis has been suggested as one cause of eosinophilia. The present study was undertaken to examine the prevalence of toxocariasis in patients with eosinophilia and to identify the risk factors for toxocariasis. This prospective cohort study recruited a total of 81 patients with eosinophilia (34 males and 47 females) who visited the outpatient clinic at Seoul National University Hospital from January 2017 to February 2018 and agreed to participate in this study. The prevalence of toxocariasis was examined by T. canis-specific ELISA, and the various risk factors for toxocariasis were evaluated by a questionnaire survey. Among 81 patients with eosinophilia, 18 were positive for anti-T. canis antibodies (22.2%); 88.9% were male (16/18) and 11.1% were female (2/18). Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that males (OR 21.876, 95% CI: 1.667-287.144) with a history of consuming the raw meat or livers of animals (OR 5.899, 95% CI: 1.004-34.669) and a heavy alcohol-drinking habit (OR 8.767, 95% CI: 1.018-75.497) were at higher risk of toxocariasis in patients with eosinophilia. Toxocariasis should be considered a potential cause of eosinophilia when the patient has a history of eating the raw meat or livers of animals in Korea. A single course of albendazole is recommended to reduce the migration of Toxocara larvae in serologically positive cases with eosinophilia.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2015

Calculated chemical scores (computed in relation to the FAO/WHO reference protein) for salmon liver protein hydrolysates indicated that all amino acids (other than methionine and threonine) were present in adequate or excess quantities; thus, the raw liver material is a good source of essential amino acids. The hydrophobic amino acids contents in hydrolysates prepared from Oncorhynchus keta and O. gorbuscha were 38.4 and 39.1%, respectively. The proportion of released peptides exceeding 500 kDa was reduced when hydrolysates were treated with the commercial enzyme Alcalase, although proportions in the following MW ranges were elevated: 100-500 kDa and <50 kDa. The optimal conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis were as follows: pH 7.0, $50^{\circ}C$, and a reaction time of 1 h. Of the different proteases tested, Alcalase was the most efficient for production of salmon liver hydrolysate with the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. The hydrolysates prepared from salmon liver had a balanced amino acid composition. The liver protein hydrolysates contained low molecular weight peptides, some of which may be bio-active; this bio-active potential should be investigated. Inhibition of the DPPH radical increased with increased degree of hydrolysis (DH), regardless of protease type. DPPH radical scavenging abilities, antithrombotic effects and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase enzyme inhibition effects of O. keta liver hydrolysate increased in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, salmon liver hydrolysate may be useful in functional food applications and as a source of novel products.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.463-470
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• 2023

This study confirmed the change in functional composition and alcohol-induced acute liver injury in Aloe arborescens after fermentation. An acute liver injury was induced by administration of ethanol (3 g/kg/day) to C57BL/6J mice for 5 days. A fermented A. arborescens Miller leaf (FAAL) extract was orally administered 30 minutes before ethanol treatment. After fermentation, the emodin content was approximately 13 times higher than that of the raw material. FAAL extract significantly attenuated ethanol-induced aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and triglyceride increases in serum and liver tissue. Histological analysis revealed that FAAL extract inhibits inflammatory cell infiltration and fat accumulation in liver tissues. The cytochrome P450 2E1, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione (GSH), which involved in alcohol-induced oxidative stress, were effectively regulated by FAAL extract in serum and liver tissues, except for GSH. FAAL also maintained the antioxidant defense system by upregulating heme oxygenase 1 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 protein expression. In addition, FAAL extract inhibited the decrease in alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, which promoted alcohol metabolism and prevented the activation of inflammatory response. Our results suggest that FAAL could be used as a potential therapeutic agent for ethanol-induced acute liver injury.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.604-612
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• 2011

씀바귀추출물이 LPS shock 염증반응에서 항염증효과에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여 생체 및 세포배양실험에서 전염증성 cytokine들의 생성과 혈액 내 생물학적 수치를 조사했다. 그 결과 LPS 염증유도 rat에서 씀바귀 추출물은 혈액 내 전염증성 cytokines 들, 즉 IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 및 TNF-${\alpha}$의 생산을 저해하고, 한편으로는 IL-10의 생산을 촉진하였다. 간장 IL-$1{\beta}$ 및 IL-6의 농도는 씀바귀추출물 처리군이 대조군보다 유의하게 낮은 값을 나타내었으나, TNF-${\alpha}$ 및 IL-10의 농도는 모든 처리군 간에 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. Raw 264.7 cell의 세포배양실험에서는 TNF-${\alpha}$의 농도가 유의한 차이를 나타내지는 않았지만, 3개 cytokine 모두가 씀바귀 투여량이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보였다. IL-10의 농도는 씀바귀 처리군 들 모두가 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 혈액 내 total protein 및 albumin의 농도는 대조군과 유의한 차이를 나타내지는 않았으나, 씀바귀추출물 처리 군에서 높은 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과들을 종합해 보면 씀바귀 추출물에는 항염증반응에 관여하는 기능성물질이 내재하고 있음을 시사해 준다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2008

본 연구는 돼지 간을 이용한 spreadable liver product의 영양학적 특성을 조사하였다. 원료용 간의 수분함량은 70.5%, 단백질 20.3%, 지방 5.2%, 회분 1.2%의 결과를 보였다. 또한 제품의 수분함량은 55.3%, 단백질 19.4%, 조지방 21.6%, 조회분 3.7%로 나타났다. 아미노산 함량은 원료용 간이 18.69 g/100 g이었으며 그 중 glutamic acid가 2.57 g/100 g으로 가장 높게 나타났다 제품에도 아미노산 총 함량은 18.03 g/100 g으로 나타났으며, glutamic acid가 2.28 g/100 g으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 제품의 필수아미노산은 전체 아미노산 함량 중 42%를 차지하였다. 원료용 간에서 지방산 조성은 불포화지방산 중 oleic acid가 28.0%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 포화지방산인 palmitic acid가 20.7%로 나타났다. 제품에서는 oleic acid의 함량이 40.0%, palmitic acid가 20.4%로 나타났다. 원료용 간 및 제품의 콜레스테롤 함량은 178.1 mg/100 g 및 11.8 mg/100 g로 나타났다. 무기질 함량은 원료용 간이 K가 362.2 mg/100 g이었으며 P의 함량은 339.1 mg/100 g로 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 제품의 무기질 함량은 원료용 간에 비해 Na가 894.5 mg/100 g로 높은 함량을 보였으며 P의 함량은 336.1 mg/100 g이며, K는 213.3 mg/100 g를 포함하였다. 그 외에도 Mg, Ca 및 Fe 등 다양한 무기질도 함유하고 있었다. 돼지 간을 이용한 spreadable liver product는 영양학적으로 매우 우수하며 가공제품으로 쉽게 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2017

Objectives: The object of this study was to identify the anti-inflammatory effects of Patrinia scabiosaefolia aqueous extract (PSE). Methods: RAW 264.7 cells were pre-treated with PSE and then incubated with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell viability, production of nitric oxide (NO), secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) were measured. In addition, we observed mice survival rate after LPS and their cytokine levels of serum. We also observed inflammatory and hemorrhagic change on the histological sections of the liver. Results: PSE inhibited LPS-induced NO production, interleukin (IL)-6 secretion, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. In addition, PSE reduced the death rate of LPS-induced mice and IL-6 production on the serum of mice. PSE inhibited inflammation and hemorrhage on liver tissue as well. Conclusions: The results suggest that PSE have anti-inflammatory effects by inhibited NF-${\kappa}B$ and JNK activation, IL-6 secretion, and NO production. So PSE may be effective treatment for the inflammatory disease.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2002

Human toxocariasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the larva of toxocara canis or cati. It is one of the most commonly reported zoonotic helminth infection in the world. Human are infected mainly by the accidental ingestion of embryonated eggs due to the pica, geophagia, the consumption of contaminated raw vegetables and poor personal hygiene particularly in childhood. In adults, the consumption of raw meat from potential paratenic hosts e.g. chickens, lambs, rabbits and dogs is a major cause of human toxocariasis. The larva can reach various organs such as the liver, lung, brain, and eye by the hematogenous spread and cause visceral larva migrans. We experience a case of pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia by visceral larva migrans after eating the raw liver and kidney of a dog.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.707-713
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• 2014

This study examined the inflammatory reaction effects of Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum in vivo at the time of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) shock in rats, and in vitro in cultured Raw 264.7 cells, with the aim of facilitating the development of a new anti-inflammatory medicine. Plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), and IL-10 in rats peaked 5 h after LPS treatment in all experimental groups, with those of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$ being significantly lower in all animals treated with A. victorialis than in the control group at that time point. Conversely, the plasma concentration of IL-10 was higher in the rats treated with 300 mg/kg A. victorialis extract than in the control group at both 2 and 5 h after LPS treatment. Concentrations of IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in the liver of rats treated with A. victorialis extract were significantly lower than those of the saline-treated control group. However, the liver concentrations of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-10 did not vary significantly between the four animal groups. Similarly, concentrations of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$ obtained from cultured Raw 264.7 macrophages were lower in all of the A.-victorialis-extract-treated groups than in the control group. Although the concentration of IL-10 in the A.-victorialis-extract-treated groups tended to be greater than in the control group, the differences between groups were not statistically significant. Together the findings of this study suggest that A. victorialis var. platyphyllum contains functional substances that are involved in inflammatory reactions.