• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.36-44
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• 1994

A study was carried out in order to investigate the removal efficiencies and removal characteristics of heaw metals such as Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu in raw water by one of conventional water treatment processes. The coagulants used in this study were Alum and PAC. Three kinds of water samples were provided: kaolin water, kaolin water mixed with humic acid and raw water from Han River mixed with suspended matter deposited on raw water inlet pipe. Heaw metals were added to the water samples with their respective turbidity, and jar tests were performed. In the results from heaw metal removal studies, lead might be adsorbed or exchanged on the particle surface (SS) rather than react with organic matter added. Cadmium was affected on the dissolved organic matter. Chromium was affected by the both dissolved organic matter and SS concentration, and the restabilization and the enmeshment appeared at moderate (50~80 NTU) and high (100 NTU) turbidity as defined in this experimenL The removal efficiency of copper was relatively little affected by the dissolved organic matter but by SS concentration in comparison with other heavy metals. In these studies as to the raw water turbidities and concentration of heaw metals, it is proved out that the removal efficiency on heaw metals in both cases of PAC and Alum as coagulants was not significantly different.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate alterations of seaweed composition upon Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) fermentation as well as potential anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism (s) of water extracts and fermented water extracts of Laminaria japonica (LJ) and Hizikia fusiforme (HF) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Total polyphenol, total sugar, and reducing sugar contents were measured in LJ and HF water extracts before and after fermentation by LGG. Alterations of inflammatory cytokine levels in cell culture media were measured by ELISA, and levels of phosphorylation of c-jun NH2-terminalkinase (JNK) and extra cellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) were examined by Western blot analysis. LGG fermentation of LJ and HF altered total polyphenol and sugar contents in water extracts of LJ and HF. LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ was significantly reduced by HF-f compared to control in RAW264.7 cells. Consistent with reduction of anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ levels by HF-f, HF-f also significantly reduced phosphorylation of ERK and JNK in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, LJ-f and HF also significantly reduced phosphorylation of JNK and ERK induced by LPS in RAW264.7 cells. Overall, our result suggests that HF-f among the four tested seaweed extracts is the most potent anti-inflammatory agent, and its mechanism of action is partially mediated by reduction of JNK and ERK phosphorylation as well as IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 1981

The fishes that are mostly used in our homes such as Pacific Mackeral, hair Tail and Alaska Pollack were devided into Freezing group, Refrigerating group and Room temperature group according to storage temperature. TVB-N, TMA-N, TMA-O and pp.H. were measured in natural state, after water washing and 3% NaCl-water washing. The results are as follows: 1. Regardless of the kinds of fishes, TVB-N in room temperature showed that rottenness first appeared after 5~8 hours in raw state, 6~12 hours in water washing, and 8~12 hours in 3% NaCl-water washing. 2. Regardless of freezing and refrigeration, Pacific Mackeral became rotten after 14 days in raw state, 14~17 days in water washing and 17 days in 3% NaCl water washing. Alaska Pollack and Hair Tail showed rottenness after 8 days in raw state, 11 days in water and 3% NaCl water washing. 3. Even in hot summer days, freshness could be preserved for 10 days if fishes were freezed ($-20^{\circ}C$) or refrigerated (4~$8^{\circ}C$) after bowel excluded, washed in NaCl water and enveloped in poly-ethylene bag.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.581-593
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• 2010

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of raw water pH and basicity of coagulants on turbidity removal with several raw waters having different level of turbidity, alkalinity and pH. Raw waters were sampled from M, S and B water treatment plants(WTP) located at Miryang, Nakdong, Han river, respectively. Six coagulants which have different levels of basicity and aluminum contents were used for this evaluation. High basicity of the coagulant helped to properly control coagulation processes for treating turbid and low alkali raw water. It was difficult for operators to determine optimum coagulant dose for high basicity coagulants, since residual turbidity tended to decrease continuously as coagulant dose increased. Turbidity removal efficiencies with high basicity coagulants(E and F) were higher than the other coagulants at ambient pH for the M WTP. Turbidity removal efficiencies, however, at adjusted pH 7.0 showed similar among six coagulants. Residual turbidity kept low at excess dosages with high basicity coagulants. Optimum coagulant dosages at adjusted pH 7.0 showed higher than those at ambient pH in M WTP. On the contrary in B WTP, optimum coagulant dosage at ambient pH were higher than that at adjusted pH 7.0.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.48-55
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• 2024

The safety-related raw water system's strong operational condition supports the radiation defense and biological shield of nuclear plant containment structures. Gaps and failures in maintaining proper working condition of main equipment like pump were among the most common causes of unavailability of safety related raw water systems. We integrated the advanced data analytics tools to evaluate the maintenance records of water systems and gave special consideration to deficiencies related to pump. We utilized maintenance data over a three-and-a-half-year period to produce metrics like MTBF, MTTF, MTTR, and failure rate. The visual analytic platform using tableau identified the efficacy of maintenance & deficiency in the safety raw water systems. When the number of water quality violation was compared to the other O&M deficiencies, it was discovered that water quality violations account for roughly 15% of the system's deficiencies. The pumps were substantial contributors to the deficit. Pump availability was predicted and optimized with real time data using response surface method. The prediction model was significant with r-squared value of 0.98. This prediction model can be used to predict forth coming pump failures in nuclear plant.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.907-915
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• 2015

The tap water is generally known to be corrosive in the pH range at 6.5 ~ 7.5. And the degree of corrosion varies depending on the types of raw water such as river surface water or lake water of the dam. Although several corrosion index represents the corrosivity of tap water, the typical corrosion indexes such as Langelier saturation index (LI) and calcium carbonate precipitation potential (CCPP) were calculated to monitoring the corrosive water quality about raw and tap water in water distribution system. To control the corrosive water quality, the correlation between corrosion index and water quality factors were examined. In this study, corrosion index (LI, CCPP) and the pH was found to be most highly correlated.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.409-419
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• 2013

In this study, the analytical method for 27 residual pharmaceuticals in raw water was developed. Online sample preconcentration/extraction and analysis with high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/Orbitrap MS) were performed. The calibration curves showed good linearities (above $r^2$ = 0.998) in the range of 5 ~ 1,000 ng/L. The method detection limit and the limit of quantification were 1.1 ~ 10.0 ng/L and 3.4 ~ 31.7 ng/L, respectively. Recoveries of the target compounds were between 70.1% and 115.8% (except cefadroxil, cefradine, vancomycin, and iopromide (50.2 ~ 67.0%)). The optimized analytical method can be useful to determine the residual pharmaceuticals in raw water.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of Scutellariae Radix Water Extract on hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Methods : Scutellariae Radix produced from South Korea (SK) and Scutellariae Radix produced from China (SC) were extracted by hot water. Effects of SK and SC on hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 were measured by dihydrorhodamine 123 assay after 2, 4, 20, 24, 28, 44, and 48 h incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 ug/mL. Results : SK significantly increase hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 cells for 2, 4, 20, 24, 28, 44, and 48 h incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 ug/mL (P < 0.05). SC also significantly increase hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 cells for 4, 20, 24, 28, and 48 h incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 ug/mL (P < 0.05). For 2 h incubation, SC significantly increase hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 10, 25, and 100 ug/mL (P < 0.05). For 44 h incubation, SC significantly increase hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 ug/mL (P < 0.05). Conclusions : These results suggest that Scutellariae Radix has the immune - enhancing property related with its increasement of hydrogen peroxide production in macrophages.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2009

In this study, the membrane filter method was compared to the MPN method for the analysis of total coliforms from raw water using raw test waters and controls including 6 standard strains of coliforms, and the various factors were analyzed on the detection of general and fecal origin coliforms. The range of error rate for the detection of 5 standard strains using the membrane filter and the MPN methods was 0 to 6% and 45 to 133%, respectively. The error rate of the membrane filter method was lower than that of the MPN method. The membrane filter method (m-Endo) showed 10% (11 out of 111) of difference for the detection sensitivity of coliforms isolated from raw water compared to the MPN method (BGLB). The membrane filter method was less affected by the factors including temperature, turbidity, charcoals of powder form, contamination, and reverse pressure. In conclusion, the membrane filter method is a better method for the analysis of total coliforms from raw water than the MPN method, considering the accuracy of detection and the tolerance to various experimental factors.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.197-205
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• 2003

미국 EPA (Environment Protection Agency)와 환경부에서 규정하고 있는 표준검출법인 총세포배양법 (Total Culturable Virus Assay : TCVA)을 이용하여 부산시 상수원수 및 정수장을 대상으로 2001년 7월에서 2002년 11월까지 바이러스 검사를 실시하였다. 검사결과 21개의 상수원수 시료 중 13개 시료에서 CPE (cytopathic effect)가 확인되어 61.9%의 양성률을 보였으며, 정수 및 수도꼭지수에서는 모두 검출되지 않았다. 또한, 검출된 바이러스를 계절별로 보면 주로 여름철과 초겨울에 분포하는 특성을 보였다. 검출된 바이러스는 TCVA-MPN 방법에 의해 1.92-9.70 MPN/100 L의 범위로 전량 되었으며, 면역형광법 (Immunofluorescent assay)에 의해 human poliovirus type 1과 enterovirus종으로 동정되었다.