• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.343-355
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• 2013

This study analyzed the dietary habits and nutrient intake status of adult drinkers in Korea. Alcohol drinking patterns were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Among 4,968 persons, 91.5% were drinkers. Classification of their drinking patterns by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score showed 64.5% of the drinkers were normal drinkers, 22.4% problem drinkers and 13.2% alcohol-dependent drinkers. Overall, 47% of the drinkers were considered alcohol-dependent in the Rapid Alcohol Problems Screen (RAPS4). Significant differences were found between those who abstained from alcohol (86.8%) and alcohol-dependent drinkers (68.9%); when asked about breakfast habits 73.4% of non-drinkers often had family meals, while only 55.4% of the alcohol-dependent drinkers had family meals. Dietary energy, alcohol energy, and total energy intake significantly increased for the alcohol-dependents (P<0.001). In addition, the intake of eight nutrients (protein, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, calcium, phosphorous and iron), significantly increased in the following order (least to highest): abstainers, normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol and alcohol-dependent drinkers (P <0.05). Nutrient Adequacy Ratios (NAR) of all nutrients, except vitamin C, and the Mean nutrient Adequacy Ratio (MAR) significantly increased in the following order (least to highest): abstainers, normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol and alcohol-dependent drinkers (P<0.05). The intake of vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin per 1,000 kcal, according to drinking pattern, decreased in the order of abstainers, normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol, and alcohol-dependent drinkers (P<0.001). The above results show that the nutrient intake of normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol, and alcohol-dependent drinkers are higher than abstainers. However, overall intake of vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin per 1,000 kcal was low. Therefore it is necessary to increase vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin intake for drinkers.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2000

This study investigates the problem of phase change from liquid to solid in the inviscid stagnation flow. The solution of dimensionless governing equations is determined by the three dimensionless parameters of (temperature ratio/conductivity ratio), Stefan number, and diffusi-vity ratio. The solution at the initial stage of freezing is obtained by expanding it in powers of time, and the final equilibrium state is determined from the steady-state governing equations. The equilibrium state is dependent on (temperature ratio/conductivity ratio), but is independent of Stefan number and diffusivity ratio. The effect of fluid flow on the pure conduction problem can be clearly seen from the solution of the initial stage and the final equilibrium state, and the characteristics of the solidification process for all the dimensionless parameters are elucidated.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.44-51
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• 2003

응력 재분포에 의해 발생하는 수리전도도의 변화를 평가하기 위하여 변형률 의존 수리전도도 변화방정식을 사용하였다. 주요 입력 변수는 탄성계수 감소비와 응력 재분포에 의해 발생한 변형률이다. 무결암에서부터 완전히 파쇄된 암반조건을 나타내기 위하여 탄성계수 감소비 대신에 탄성계수 감소비와 RMR간의 상관관계를 이용하였다. 전단 변형에 따른 팽창이 수리전도도의 증가에 영향을 미치지만 그 영향 정도는RMR에 따라 달라졌으며, 인장변형률이 절리에 작용하는 경우 암반의 RMR이 감소함에 따라 수리전도도는 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 암반에 작용하는 응력 상태에 따라 수리전도도의 변화도 다른 것으로 나타났는데, 수평응력 대 수직응력의 비가 다른 이방성 응력 상태가 수리전도도의 변화에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.385-400
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• 2016

Bearing capacity of open-ended piles depends largely on inner frictional resistance, which is influenced by the degree of soil plugging. While a fully-plugged open-ended pile produces a bearing capacity similar to a closed-ended pile, fully coring (or unplugged) pile produces a much smaller bearing capacity. In general, open-ended piles are driven under partially-plugged mode. The formation of soil plug may depend on many factors, including wall thickness at the pile tip (or inner pile diameter), sleeve height of the thickened wall at the pile tip and relative density. In this paper, we studied the effects of wall thickness at the pile base and sleeve height of the thickened wall at the pile tip on bearing capacity using laboratory model tests. The tests were conducted on a medium dense sandy ground. The model piles with different tip thicknesses and sleeve heights of thickened wall at the pile tip were tested. The results were also discussed using the incremental filling ratio and plug length ratio, which are generally used to describe the degree of soil plugging. The results showed that the bearing capacity increases with tip thickness. The bearing capacity of piles of smaller sleeve length (e.g., ${\leq}1D$; D is pile outer diameter) was found to be dependent on the sleeve length, while it is independent on the sleeve length of greater than a 1D length. We also found that the soil plug height is dependent on wall thickness at the pile base. The results on the incremental filling ratio revealed that the thinner walled piles produce higher degree of soil plugging at greater penetration depths. The results also revealed that the soil plug height is dependent on sleeve length of up to 2D length and independent beyond a 2D length. The piles of a smaller sleeve length (e.g., ${\leq}1D$) produce higher degree of soil plugging at shallow penetration depths while the piles of a larger sleeve length (e.g., ${\geq}2D$) produce higher degree of soil plugging at greater penetration depths.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2020

In this study, we investigated the dose-dependent effects of mixtures of Atractylodes macrocephala (AM) and Amomum villosum (AV) water extracts in a ratio of 3:1 on high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity model. Oral administration of various concentrations with mixtures of AM and AV extracts in a ratio of 3:1 for 6 weeks inhibited HFD-induced increases of body, liver and epididymal fat weights in a dose-dependent fashions. Those effects may be mediated by decreased expressions of lipogenesis-related genes such as acetyl coA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in liver. Also, increase of insulin and decrease of adiponectin in serum by HFD supply were inhibited by three different dosages of mixtures of AM and AV extracts in a ratio of 3:1. HFD supply induced increases of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL cholesterol. However, hyperlipidemia was significantly decreased in dose-dependent manners by treatment with mixtures of AM and AV extracts. Based on the results of the present study, hypolipidemic and anti-obesity effects by mixtures of AM and AV extracts were found in HFD-induced obesity model. Further clinical investigation is needed to develop anti-obesity therapeutic or preventive agents by using mixtures of AM and AV extracts.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제88권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2023

In this study, forced vibration behavior of a piezo magneto electric sandwich Timoshenko beam is investigated. It is assumed a sandwich beam with porous core and graphene platelet reinforced composite (GPLRC) in facesheets subjected to magneto-electro-elastic and temperature-dependent material properties. The magneto electro platelets are under linear function along with the thickness that includes a cosine function and magnetic and electric constant potentials. The governing equations of motion are derived using modified strain gradient theory for microstructures. The effects of material length scale parameters, temperature change, different distributions of porous, various patterns of graphene platelets, and the core to face sheets thickness ratio on the natural frequency and excited frequency of a sandwich Timoshenko beam are scrutinized. Various size-dependent methods effects such as MSGT, MCST, and CT on the natural frequency is considered. Moreover, the final results affirm that the increase in porosity coefficient and volume fractions lead to an increase in the amount of natural frequency; while vice versa for the increment in the aspect ratio. From forced vibration analysis, it is understood that by increasing the values of volume fraction and the length thickness of GPL, the maximum deflection of a sandwich beam decreases. Also, it is concluded that increasing the temperature, the thickness of GPL, and the initial force leads to a decrease in the maximum deflection of GPL. It is also shown that resonance phenomenon occurs when the natural and excitation frequencies become equal to each other. Outcomes also reveal that the third natural frequency owns the minimum value of both deflection and frequency ratio and the first natural frequency has the maximum.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.721-729
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• 2014

We propose a novel phase-based method for single-channel speech enhancement to extract and enhance the desired signals in noisy environments by utilizing the phase information. In the method, a phase-dependent a priori signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is estimated in the log-mel spectral domain to utilize both the magnitude and phase information of input speech signals. The phase-dependent estimator is incorporated into the conventional magnitude-based decision-directed approach that recursively computes the a priori SNR from noisy speech. Additionally, we reduce the performance degradation owing to the one-frame delay of the estimated phase-dependent a priori SNR by using a minimum mean square error (MMSE)-based and maximum a posteriori (MAP)-based estimator. In our speech enhancement experiments, the proposed phase-dependent a priori SNR estimator is shown to improve the output SNR by 2.6 dB for both the MMSE-based and MAP-based estimator cases as compared to a conventional magnitude-based estimator.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.531-540
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• 2010

Objectives : In this study, following the cavity restorations with low copper conventional alloy, high copper admixed one and high copper unicompositional one, which are used the most frequently in a clinical setting at the present, to experiment the time-dependent changes of strength, bubbles were examined. Besides, to examine the detrimental effects of mercury contained in dental amalgam, the amount of mercury release was evaluated. Methods : As dental amalgams which were used herein, [BESTALOY], [Hi-Aristaloy 21] and [Sybraloy] were selected for a low-copper conventional amalgam, a high-copper admixed one and a high-copper unicompositional one in the corresponding order. The formation of bubbles and the weight ratio of mercury release were evaluated using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Thus, the following results were obtained: Results : 1. The time-dependent amount of mercury release reached a statistical significance in three types of alloys, which was shown in such a descending order as [BESTALOY], [Hi-Aristaloy 21] and [Sybraloy]. 2. A low-copper conventional type, BESTALOY is a cutting type and it was found to have an increased formation of fine bubbles. In the remaining two types, [Hi-Aristaloy 21] (a high-copper admixed alloy) and [Sybraloy] (a high-copper unicompositional alloy), the time-dependent changes in the formation of bubbles was negligible. Conclusions : Accordingly, this type of mercury release from amalgam alloy denotes the difference in the weight ratio of total constituents between after 24 hours and after two weeks. But further studies are warranted to examine the amount of mercury release which is detrimental to human bodies. Besides, a low-copper conventional alloy is a cutting type and it was characterized by the abundant formation of bubbles in a time-dependent manner. This implies that the strength of amalgam is impaired, which should be considered in selecting the appropriate amalgam alloy in a clinical setting.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.185-209
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• 2016

Across-wind aerodynamic damping ratios are identified from the wind-induced acceleration responses of 15 aeroelastic models of rectangular super-high-rise buildings in various simulated wind conditions by using the random decrement technique. The influences of amplitude-dependent structural damping ratio and natural frequency on the estimation of the aerodynamic damping ratio are discussed and the identifying method for aerodynamic damping is improved at first. Based on these works, effects of turbulence intensity $I_u$, aspect ratio H/B, and side ratio B/D on the across-wind aerodynamic damping ratio are investigated. The results indicate that turbulence intensity and side ratio are the most important factors that affect across-wind aerodynamic damping ratio, whereas aspect ratio indirectly affects the aerodynamic damping ratio by changing the response amplitude. Furthermore, empirical aerodynamic damping functions are proposed to estimate aerodynamic damping ratios at low and high reduced speeds for rectangular super-high-rise buildings with an aspect ratio in the range of 5 to 10, a side ratio of 1/3 to 3, and turbulence intensity varying from 1.7% to 25%.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2023

본 연구의 목적은 당뇨 검사결과와 간기능검사와의 관계연구이다. 간성당뇨는 제2형 당뇨와는 다르게 간기능 이상으로 기인하는 것이다. 본 연구에서 간기능 검사의 주요 효소검사인 아스파르트산 아미노전이효소(aspartate aminotransferase, AST), 알라닌 아미노전이효소(alanine aminotransferase, ALT) 그리고 AST/ALT ratio (De Ritis ratio)와 당뇨관련 검사와의 관계를 주로 확인하였다. 연구 결과 AST와 글루코스(glucose) (r=0.14, P<0.01); ALT 및 글루코스(r=0.21, P<0.01); AST 및 당화혈색소(HbAlc) (r=0.15, P<0.01); ALT와 HbAlc (r=0.20, P<0.01), 모든 변수는 양의 상관관계를 나타났으며, De Ritis ratio는 글루코스 (r=-0.20, P<0.01)와 당화혈색소 (r=-0.14, P<0.01)와 음의 상관관계를 보였다. AST와 ALT 그리고 De Ritis ratio 를 독립변수로 하고 글루코스 (R²=0.05) 와 HbA1c (R²=0.04) 를 종속변수로 하여 회귀분석한 결과 독립변수는 종속변수에 통계적으로 유의하게 영향을 나타내는 것으로 나타났다. AST는 ALT 보다 혈당과 당화혈색소에서 상관관계가 낮게 나타났으며, ALT가 증가하는 것은 즉, De Ritis ratio 감소의 원인이 된다. 따라서, De Ritis ratio는 당뇨관련 검사와의 관계에서 의미가 있는 것으로 볼 수 있다.