• 재활치료과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.65-76
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• 2019

목적 : 본 연구는 문화적 차이를 보이는 Upper extremity performance test for elderly (TEMPA)를 한국판으로 수정 및 번역하고 그 타당도 및 신뢰도를 검증하는 것이다. 연구방법 : 연구대상자는 40세이상의 손 기능에 장애가 없는 성인 171명과 손 기능에 장애가 있는 성인 41명 이었다. 내용 타당도와 분별 타당도를 검증하였고, 검사-재검사 신뢰도와 검사자 간 신뢰도를 검증하였다. 결과 : 내용 타당도를 통해 문화적 차이를 보이는 2개의 항목 ('자물쇠 열고 약통 열기', '편지 봉투 작성하고 우표 붙이기')을 수정하였다. 분별 타당도를 통해 TEMPA는 손 기능에 장애가 있는 성인과 없는 성인을 구별할 수 있는 평가 도구임을 확인 하였다 (p<.001). 신뢰도 검증 결과 수행 속도는 급간 내 상관계수(ICC)= .71-.92, 기능 정도는 카파계수 (kappa) = 1.0, 수행 분석은 ICC = 1.0로 중간수준에서 높은 수준의검사-재검사 신뢰도를 보였다. 검사자 간 신뢰도는 실행 속도 ICC = 1.0, 기능 정도 kappa = .79-1.0, 수행 분석 ICC = .94-1.0으로 상당한 수준에서 높은 수준의 신뢰도를 보였다. 결론 : TEMPA는 손 기능의 장애가 있는 성인을 구별해 낼 수 있고, 높은 수준의 신뢰도를 보이는 평가 도구로 임상적 평가 및 근거 기반의 연구에 있어 많이 사용되기를 기대한다.

• 재활치료과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.77-92
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• 2019

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 낙상 위험 주거환경 평가인 HOME FAST의 국내사용을 위해 체계적인 절차를 통해 한국어로 번안하여 내용이해도 및 신뢰도를 검증하고자 하였다. 연구 방법 : 한글로 번역된 HOME FAST의 내용이해도를 알아보기 위해 작업치료사 총 21명에게 한글번역본의 이해도 평가하게 하였다. 이후 한글번역본을 역번역 하여 원문과 비교하고 문장구조 및 의미 유사성을 평가하였다. 아울러 신뢰도 검증을 위해 지역사회에 거주하고 있는 낙상 고위험군 노인 75명을 대상으로 평가를 진행하고 내적 일치도를 검증하였다. 그중 9명의 대상자의 경우 2명의 작업치료사가 방문하여 각각 평가한 뒤 검사자 간 신뢰도를 검증하였다. 결과 : 작업치료사를 대상으로 한 내용이해도 검증 결과에서 11개 문장이 이해도가 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 이해도 검증 결과의 의견을 바탕으로 검증위원회를 통해 구문을 수정하고 한글번역본을 완성하였다. 한글판을 역번역하여 유사성 검증을 한 결과 문장구조에서는 3문항이 유사하지 않음으로 평가되었고, 의미적 측면에서는 총 6문항이 유사하지 않음으로 평가되었다. 최종적으로 반복적 역번역 과정을 통해 한글판 HOME FAST의 내용 타당도를 확보하였다. 한글번역본의 내적일치도는 .62(p<.01)로 나타났고, 검사자 간의 신뢰도는 .97 (p<.01)로 매우 높은 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구는 체계적 번역-역번역 과정을 통해 HOME FAST를 한국어로 번역하였다. 아울러 한글판의 내용이해도를 검증하였고, 내적일치도 및 검사자간 신뢰도 검증을 통해 신뢰도를 입증하였다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.203-211
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• 2022

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to introduce rating criteria to evaluate student performance in a newly developed, digital wax-up preclinical program for computer-aided design (CAD) of full-coverage crowns and preliminarily investigate the reliability and internal consistency of the rating system. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study, conducted in 2017, enrolled 47 fifth-year dental students of Okayama University Dental School. Digital wax-up training included a fundamental practice using computer graphics (CG), multipurpose CAD software programs, and an advanced practice to execute a digital wax-up of the right mandibular second molar (#47). Each student's digital wax-up work (stereolithography data) was evaluated by two instructors using seven qualitative criteria. The total qualitative score (0-90) of the criteria was calculated. The total volumetric discrepancy between each student's digital wax-up work and a reference prepared by an instructor was automatically measured by the CAD software. The inter-rater reliability of each criterion was analyzed using a weighted kappa index. The relationship between the total volume discrepancy and the total qualitative score was analyzed using Spearman's correlation. RESULTS. The weighted kappa values for the seven qualitative criteria ranged from 0.62 - 0.93. The total qualitative score and the total volumetric discrepancy were negatively correlated (ρ = -0.27, P = .09, respectively); however, this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION. The established qualitative criteria to evaluate students' work showed sufficiently high inter-rater reliability; however, the digitally measured volumetric discrepancy could not sufficiently predict the total qualitative score.

• 대한중풍순환신경학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2012

Object : The aim of this study was to assess the clinical indicators related to Pattern-Identification(PI) in acute cerebral infarction patients. Methods : We studied hospitalized patients within 30days after ictus, who admitted at Korean Medicine Center of Kyung-Hee University from January 2010 to October 2012.(n=290) Two Traditional Korean Medicine(TKM) physicians evaluated the patients independently and diagnosed PI. Inter-rater reliability was measured using simple percentage agreement and the Cohen's kappa(κ) coefficient. To assess the clinical indicators closely related to each PI, we analysed average score of each indicator in each group. Results : Simple percentage agreement of PI between raters was 64.83% and Cohen's kappa(κ) coefficient was 0.526(95% CI: 0.451-0.600). Inter-rater reliability level was fair to good. We analysed the clinical indicators in each group. Significant indicators for Fire-Heat Pattern(FHP) were reddened complexion and strong pulse power, and meaningful indicators for FHP were halitosis and thick tongue fur. Significant indicator for Dampness-Phlegm Pattern(DPP) was overweight and there was no meaningful indicator. Significant indicator for Yin-Deficiency Pattern(YDP) was dry tongue fur and meaningful indicator for YDP was thirst. There was no significant indicator for Qi-Deficiency Pattern(QDP) and pale complexion and faint low voice were meaningful indicators for QDP. Conclusions : This study reveals the significant and meaningful clinical indicators related to each Pattern-Identification in acute cerebral infarction patients. It will contribute to standardization of Korean Medical Diagnosis and Treatment in acute cerebral infarction patients.

• 재활치료과학
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.69-85
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• 2022

목적 : 본 연구는 연하장애 환자를 대상으로 구강안면기능을 평가할 수 있는 포괄적 구강안면기능척도(Comprehensive Oro-Facial Function Scale; COFFS)를 개발하고자 실시되었다. 연구방법 : COFFS의 문항 구성과 신뢰도를 검증하는 연구로 4개의 선행 연구를 선택 분석하여 예비문항을 수집하였고, 전문가를 대상으로 2차의 설문조사를 통해 내용타당도(Content Validity Ratio; CVR)를 도출하였다. 평가 항목의 내적 타당도를 위해 Cronbach's 𝛼값을 산출하였으며, 급간 내 상관계수(Internal Classification Coefficients; ICC)를 이용하여 검사-재검사 신뢰도 및 검사자간 신뢰도를 구하였다. 결과 : 전체 문항의 내용타당도는 0.67로 나타났으며, 영역별 Cronbach's 𝛼값의 경우 의사소통 영역 0.849, 구강안면 구조 및 형태 -0.224, 구강안면 움직임 수행능력 0.831, 저작 및 삼킴 기능은 0.946으로 도출되었으며, 검사-재검사 신뢰도는 0.974, 검사자간 신뢰도는 0.937로 높은 신뢰도를 보였다. 결론 : 본 연구에서 COFFS의 평가도구는 4개의 영역에서 34개의 문항을 최종적으로 선정하였고, 평가항목에 따라 3~5점 척도로 개발되었다. 추후 연구에서는 구강안면기능을 측정하는 다른 평가도구와의 상관관계를 통해 타당도를 입증할 추가연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.261-285
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 사회적 평판을 정의하고 대인관계에서 호감, 신뢰도 및 관계형성 선호도에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 예비 연구에서는 남녀 6명씩 12명의 자원한 인물 사진을 제시하고 60명의 평정자로 하여금 외모 매력도를 평가하게 한 후, 척도의 중간값에 가장 가까운 평가를 받은 남녀 인물 사진 1명씩을 선정하였다. 본 연구에서는 선정된 인물 사진 및 그 인물에 대한 녹음된 긍정적, 부정적 평판 시나리오를 제시한 후 260명의 평정자로 하여금 호감, 신뢰도 및 관계형성 선호도를 평정하게 하였다. 연구 결과, 외모의 매력도 역시 호감도, 신뢰수준 및 관계형성 선호도에 영향을 미치는 변인이었으나 사회적 평판이 미치는 효과가 유의하였다. 즉 긍정적 평판을 받은 인물은 부정적 평판을 받은 인물에 비해 호감도, 신뢰수준 및 관계형성 선호도가 매우 높았다. 또한 긍정-부정 평판, 사진의 성별, 평정자의 성별에 따른 차이가 있는지 삼원변량분석을 실시한 결과 긍정-부정 평판과 사진의 성별, 그리고 평정자의 성별간에 상호작용 효과를 보이고 있었는데, 평판이 좋을 때는 평가대상이 여성이거나 평정자가 여성인 경우 남성에 비해 높은 호감이나 신뢰도 및 선호도를 나타내었지만 이와 달리 평판이 나쁠 때는 평가 대상이나 평정자가 여성인 경우 모두 남성에 비해 호감도나 신뢰도 및 선호도가 오히려 낮아지고 있었다. 이와 관련된 본 연구의 의미 및 한계점에 대해 논하였다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.267-276
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• 2024

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of susceptibility map-weighted imaging (SMwI) taken in different acquisition planes for discriminating patients with neurodegenerative parkinsonism from those without. Materials and Methods: This retrospective, observational, single-institution study enrolled consecutive patients who visited movement disorder clinics and underwent brain MRI and ¹⁸F-FP-CIT PET between September 2021 and December 2021. SMwI images were acquired in both the oblique (perpendicular to the midbrain) and the anterior commissure-posterior commissure (AC-PC) planes. Hyperintensity in the substantia nigra was determined by two neuroradiologists. ¹⁸F-FP-CIT PET was used as the reference standard. Inter-rater agreement was assessed using Cohen;s kappa coefficient. The diagnostic performance of SMwI in the two planes was analyzed separately for the right and left substantia nigra. Multivariable logistic regression analysis with generalized estimating equations was applied to compare the diagnostic performance of the two planes. Results: In total, 194 patients were included, of whom 105 and 103 had positive results on ¹⁸F-FP-CIT PET in the left and right substantia nigra, respectively. Good inter-rater agreement in the oblique (κ = 0.772/0.658 for left/right) and AC-PC planes (0.730/0.741 for left/right) was confirmed. The pooled sensitivities for two readers were 86.4% (178/206, left) and 83.3% (175/210, right) in the oblique plane and 87.4% (180/206, left) and 87.6% (184/210, right) in the AC-PC plane. The pooled specificities for two readers were 83.5% (152/182, left) and 82.0% (146/178, right) in the oblique plane, and 83.5% (152/182, left) and 86.0% (153/178, right) in the AC-PC plane. There were no significant differences in the diagnostic performance between the two planes (P > 0.05). Conclusion: There are no significant difference in the diagnostic performance of SMwI performed in the oblique and AC-PC plane in discriminating patients with parkinsonism from those without. This finding affirms that each institution may choose the imaging plane for SMwI according to their clinical settings.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.351-362
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• 2024

Objective: To measure inter-reader agreement and identify associated factors in interpreting complete response (CR) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for rectal cancer. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study involved 10 readers from seven hospitals with experience of 80-10210 cases, and 149 patients who underwent surgery after CRT for rectal cancer. Using MRI-based tumor regression grading (mrTRG) and methods employed in daily practice, the readers independently assessed mrTRG, CR on T2-weighted images (T2WI) denoted as mrCR_T2W, and CR on all images including diffusion-weighted images (DWI) denoted as mrCR_overall. The readers described their interpretation patterns and how they utilized DWI. Inter-reader agreement was measured using multi-rater kappa, and associated factors were analyzed using multivariable regression. Correlation between sensitivity and specificity of each reader was analyzed using Spearman coefficient. Results: The mrCR_T2W and mrCR_overall rates varied widely among the readers, ranging 18.8%-40.3% and 18.1%-34.9%, respectively. Nine readers used DWI as a supplement sequence, which modified interpretations on T2WI in 2.7% of cases (36/1341 [149 patients × 9 readers]) and mostly (33/36) changed mrCR_T2W to non-mrCR_overall. The kappa values for mrTRG, mrCR_T2W, and mrCR_overall were 0.56 (95% confidence interval: 0.49, 0.62), 0.55 (0.52, 0.57), and 0.54 (0.51, 0.57), respectively. No use of rectal gel, larger initial tumor size, and higher initial cT stage exhibited significant association with a higher interreader agreement for assessing mrCR_overall (P ≤ 0.042). Strong negative correlations were observed between the sensitivity and specificity of individual readers (coefficient, -0.718 to -0.963; P ≤ 0.019). Conclusion: Inter-reader agreement was moderate for assessing CR on post-CRT MRI. Readers' varying standards on MRI interpretation (i.e., threshold effect), along with the use of rectal gel, initial tumor size, and initial cT stage, were significant factors associated with inter-reader agreement.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.376-386
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• 2004

In ad hoc networks, loss-based congestion window progression by the traditional means of duplicate ACKs and timeouts causes high network buffer utilization due to large bursts of data, thereby degrading network bandwidth utilization. Moreover, network-oriented feedbacks to handle route disconnection events may impair packet forwarding capability by adding to MAC layer congestion and also dissipate considerable network resources at reluctant intermediate nodes. Here, we propose a new TCP scheme that does not require the participation of intermediate nodes. It is a purely end-to-end scheme using TCP timestamps to deduce link conditions. It also eliminates spurious reductions of the transmission window in cases of timeouts and fast retransmits. The scheme incorporates a receiver-oriented rate controller (rater), and a congestion window delimiter for the 802.11 MAC protocol. In addition, the transient nature of medium availability due to medium contention during the connection time is addressed by a freezing timer (freezer) at the receiver, which freezes the sender whenever heavy contention is perceived. Finally, the sender-end is modified to comply with the receiver-end enhancements, as an optional deployment. Simulation studies show that our modification of TCP for ad hoc networks offers outstanding performance in terms of goodput, as well as throughput.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.299-304
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• 2011

A hydrogen fueled 2 stroke free-piston engine with reverse uni-flow scavenging have a advantageous structure for the backfire occurrence, but it can reduce thermal efficiency by the circuit-flow to go through a exhaust-port. In this research, varied boost pressure, SVOT and exhaust pressure are used in a 2stroke free-piston engine with hydrogen fueled for studying the possibility of increasing thermal efficiency of free-piston hydrogen engine. As a result, to increase thermal efficiency of free-piston are suitable to supply the mixture after port closed the exhaust rater than to use the scanvenging. And it was increased by the exhaust pressure, to achieve it must be used the lean-mixture at SVOT aBDC $34^{\circ}$.