• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.157-162
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• 2009

This study was performed to comprehend the developmental characteristics of cloned embryos knocked out (KO) of $\alpha$-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) gene. Immature oocytes were collected and cultured for 40 hrs (1-step) or 20hrs (with hormone) + 20hrs (without hormone) (2-step). The embryos transferred with miniature pig ear fibroblast cell were used as control. The reconstructed embryos were cultured in PZM-3 with 5% $CO_2$ in air at $38.5^{\circ}C$ for 6 days. To determine the quality of the blstocysts, TUNEL and quantitative realtime RT-PCR were performed. The embryos were transferred to a surrogate (Landrace) at an earlier stage of the estrus cycle. The maturation rate was significantly higher in 2-step method than that of 1-step (p<0.05). The blastocyst development of GalT KO embryos was significantly lower than that of normal cloned embryos (p<0.05). The total and apoptotic cell number of GalT KO blastocysts was not different statistically from control. The relative abundance of Bax-$\alpha$/Bcl-xl ratio was significantly higher in both cloned blastocysts than that of in vivo blastocysts (p<0.05). Taken together, it can be postulated that the lower developmental potential and higher expression of apoptosis related genes in GalT KO SCNT embryos might be a cause of a low efficiency of GalT KO cloned miniature pig production.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.74-91
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• 1975

A purpose of this study was to compare the breast massage and manual expression of the breast before engagement after delivery with the time of engagement, the throbbing pain in breast, the first amount of breast milk and involution of the uterus. The subjects selected for this study were 138 women (experimental group;69, control group :69) who were admitted to the Dept. of Obtest. and Gyneco. of Kyung Hee University Hospital from Jan. 5 to June 5, 1975. The results of study were as follows; 1 The average age of the women 26.9 years old in the experimental group and 27.6 years old in the control group. As to religion, the number of those who had no religion was 58.0 percent and 62.4 percent respectively. Classified according to occupation, there were 87.0 percent in house wives of the booths group. Educational background; 87.0 percent of high school graduates or above, 78.3 percent respectively. The occupation of husband 53.7 percent of company employees stood highest and 42.0 percent respectively. In according to the grade of wards, 55.1 percent and 52.2 percent of four-men room stood highest. 2. Physical condition: Body weight before this Pregnancy(T=0.4962, N.S.), the size of breast(X²df2 = 0.1728, N.S.), the shape of nipple(X²df3 =1.3804, N.S.), hemoglobin's level of the first day after delivery(T=1.2572, N.S.), the above were showed non significant between the experimental group and control group The investigator found any difference between the two groups of the health condition during the pregnancy, 3. The rate of no experience of breast massage during pregnancy was 85 percent and 75.4 percent (X²df1=2.2562, N.S.). 4. As to the meal during hospitalization after delivery: The booth of the groups in ordinary food took usually of meyer soup and milk(X²df8=2.5957, N.S.). 5. The relation between the first step of breast massage, second step of the manual expression of breast before engagement after delivery and time of engagement : average time of engagement in the experimental group (2.1 days±0.8) was shortened than the control group (3.3 days±1.2). (T=-6.9045, P< 0.005). It toot less time in the experimental group of primipara(2.2days±0.7) than in the control group (3.1day±1.2) and it also took less time in the experimental group of multipara (2.0 days±0.9) than in the control group (3.5days±1.4). (Primipara T=-3.9266, 0< 0.005. Multipara T= 5.2356, P<0.005). 6. The relationship between the first step of the massage and second step of manual expression and the throbbing pain at the time of engagement: The experimental group showed less effect than control group (X²df4= 27.3342 P<0.005). The separate study of primipara and multipara showed remarkable difference in the group of primipara)X²df4=20.7285, p<0.005) and little difference in the multipara group (X²df4=8.8351, p< 0. 10). 7. The relationship between the first step of the breast massage, second stop of the manual expression and first amount of breast milk: The average amount of breast milk increased more conspicuously in the experimental group (33.8㎖±23.4) than in the control(29.8㎖±25.3) (T=0.8262, N.S.). No remarkable difference was found in the respective groups that investigated in the groups of primipara and of multipara. (Primipara T=1.1467, N.S., Multipara T=-0.0354, N.S.). 8. The relationship between the first step of breast massage and second step of manual expression of breast and involution of uterus : Average time needed for uttering involution was sooner in the experimental group of primipasa(-3.3 F.B.±1.1), than the control group of primipara (-2.5F. B.±1.2), and it was sooner in the experimental group of muitipara (-3.0 F. B.±l..3), than the control group of multipara(-2.3 F.B±0.9). Primipara T=-2.9272, p< 0.005, Multipara T=2.5557, p< 0.01).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.542-548
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• 1995

The goal of this study is to develop an effective control system for cardiac output regulation based upon the preload and afterload conditions without any transducers and compliance chambers in the moving actuator type total artificial heart. Motor current waveforms during the actuator movement are used as an input to the automatic control algorithm. While the current waveform analysis is performed, the stroke length and velocity of the actuator are gradually increased up to the maximum pump output level. If the diastolic filling rate of either right or left pump begins to exceed the venous return, atrial collapse will occur. Since the diastolic suction acts as a load to the motor, this critical condition can be detected by analyzing the motor current waveforms. Every time this detection criterion is met, the control algorithm decreases the stroke velocity and length of the actuator step by step just below the critical detection level. Then, they start to increase. In this way the maximum pump output under given venous return can be achieved. Additionally the control algorithm provides some degree of afterload sensitivity. If the aortic pressure is detected to exceed 120 mmHg, the stroke length and velocity decrease in the same way as the response to the preload. Left-right pump output balance is maintained by proper adjustment of the asymmetry of the stroke angle. In the mock circulatory test, this control system worked well and there was a considerable range of stroke volume difference with adjustment of the asymmetry value. Two ovine experiments were performed. It was confirmed that the required cardiac output regulation according to the venous return could be achieved with adequate detection of diastolic function, at least in the in vivo short-term survival cases[2-3 days . We conclude that this control algorithm is a promising method to regulate cardiac output in the moving actuator type total artificial heart.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.243-252
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• 2015

The present study, to examine the effect of the exercise for weight control, compares the difference of the heart rate and energy expenditure by sex during Twist exercise. Twenty eight adults (male 14, female 14) were carried out Twist exercise for 7 minutes and 14 minutes. During performing the exercise program, to perform HR and related variables were measured for 7 minutes and 14 minutes. Through a twist exercise treatment and the following results were obtained. 1. Females had slightly higher, without statistical significance, number of heart beat, minimum heart rate, maximum heart rate, and average heart rate than male had for both 7 minutes and 14 minutes of Twist exercise. 2. In the case of energy consumption, significant differences did not appear until 7 minutes to perform Twist exercise. On the other hand, the energy consumption for 14 minutes of performance was significantly higher in male than in female (p<.05). However, energy expenditure for the period per minute per unit weight (kcal/min/kg) showed no difference. 3. If more than 30 minutes duration were preformed the Twist exercise, males were expected to consume significantly higher than females (p<.05). To consume calories for the 10,000 step walk of, it would be required about 76 minutes for Twist exercise time without distinction of sex. Through the above findings, twist exercise is a form of aerobic exercise for obesity prevention and weight control, as well as it might be beneficial to practice and maintain the health and physical fitness with offering a variety of exercise opportunities in the public.

• Transactions of The Korea Fluid Power Systems Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.9-16
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• 2011

Because of the increasing demand on the high precision and high response of a machinery, proportional control valves are widely adopted at various application fields. This paper studies on the static and dynamic characteristics of a pilot proportional pressure control valve. An experimental apparatus including hydraulic pump, variable speed inverter, pressure and flow sensors and data aquisition system was set up. And various experiments such as P-Q-V curves, step responses due to input voltage and flow rate, hysteresis, frequency response of the proportional valve was carried out and the results are discussed.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.1028-1031
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• 2003

The implementation of PI controller with the FPGA is for controlling the speed of DC motor in the digital system. FPGA is assigned to 1. Outer speed control loop. The signal from the speed comparison will be in the PI controlling form transfer function of Direct Form I or PI Parallel Form. 2.Inner current control loop. The signal from the current comparison will be converted into switching function in sliding mode condition. Its output will be a controller of DC motor in the next step. The result from using FPGA will be close to the value of simulation in the analog control system. The sampling rate 40 kHz and 16 bit of 2's complement data are defined in this presentation.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.104-107
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• 1999

Tracking control of an arbitrary reference has been discussed for 7Th order 2-input 2-output non-minimum phase EGR/VGT diesel engines. To meet strict emission regulations and customer demands, the desired set points, the air-fuel ratio and the ERG flow fraction, determined from a static engine data based on engine speed and the desired fueling rate are transformed into the set points for the two sensor measurement outputs. Applying the sliding mode tracking control theory proposed by Jeong and Utkin, two step design was carried out using the bounded solution of an unstable zero dynamics for the given reference signals. This paper shows through simulations how stabilization of unstable zero dynamics and reference tracking can be accomplished simultaneously.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.5 no.7
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• pp.848-854
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• 1999

In this paper, we designed and implemented a precise pulse motor controller chip that generates the pulse needed to control step motor, DC servo and AC servo motors. This chip generates maximum pulse output rate of 5Mpps and has the quasi-S driving capability and speed and moving distance override capability during driving. We designed this chip with VHDL and executed a logic simulation and synthesis using Synopsys tool. The pre-layout simulation and post-layout simulation was executed by Compass tool. This chip was produced with 100 pins, PQFP package by 0.8${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ gate array process and implemented by completely digital logic. We developed the test hardware board of performance and the CAMC(Computer Aided Motor Controller) Agent softwate to test the performance of the pulse motor controller chip produced. CAMC Agent enables user to set parameters needed to control motor with easy GUI(Graphic User Interface) environment and to display the output response of motor graphically.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 2006

When the monodisperse polystyrene(PS)/HDDA polymer particles were synthesized via one-step polymerization using polystyrene seed particles by dispersion polymerization, the effects of 1) the molecular weight of seed polymer particles, 2) the ratio of the absorbed HDDA to the seed polymer particles (swelling ratio) and 3) seeded polymerization rate on the surface morphology of PS/HDDA polymer particles were investigated. It was observed that the creation of the crater shaped defect on the surface of PS/HDDA polymer particles was irrespective of the molecular weight of seed polymer ant swelling ratio. But its surface morphology could be controlled by the change of the seeded polymerization rate.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.224-230
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• 2006

Escherichia coli transcription termination factor Rho catalyzes the unwinding of RNA/DNA duplex in reactions that are coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis. We report here the kinetic mechanism of presteady state ATP binding and hydrolysis by the Rho-RNA complex. Presteady state chemical quenched-flow technique under multiple turnover condition was used to probe the kinetics of ATP binding and hydrolysis by the Rho-RNA complex. The quenched-flow presteady state kinetics of ATP hydrolysis studies show that three ATPs are bound to the Rho-RNA complex with a rate of $4.4\;{\times}\;10^5M^{-1}s^{-1}$, which are subsequently hydrolyzed at a rate of $88s^{-1}$ and released during the initiation process. Global fit of the presteady state ATP hydrolysis kinetic data suggests that a rapid-equilibrium binding of ATP to Rho-RNA complex occurs prior to the first turnover and the chemistry step is not reversible. The initial burst of three ATPs hydrolysis was proposed to be involved in the initialization step that accompanies proper complex formation of Rho-RNA. Based on these results a kinetic model for initiation process for Rho-RNA complex was proposed relating the mechanism of ATP binding and hydrolysis by Rho to the structural transitions of Rho-RNA complex to reach the steady state phase, which is implicated during translocation along the RNA.