• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.833-840
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• 2021

This paper examines the effect of the interest rate set by Bank Indonesia on financial system stability as measured by the credit gap in Indonesia for quarterly data for the period 1976 Q1 to 2019 Q4. We suppose that the relationship between the Central Bank rate and the credit gap is non-linear. Hence, this study applies a smooth transition regression (STR) model to investigate the relationship between these variables. Our results are: first, by performing STR estimation we obtained a threshold level of Central Bank rate of 2.01. Second, a decrease in the Central Bank rate results in a reduction in the credit gap when the Central Bank rate is above or below the threshold level. The effect of the Central Bank rate is five times greater for the high regime than for the low regime. Third, we find evidence that the effect of the exchange rate, economic growth, inflation, and GDP per capita on the credit gap for the high regime is the opposite of the low regime. We suggest that policymakers need to keep the Central Bank interest rate low and stable so that the role of the bank as a financial intermediary remains stable and conducive to strengthening financial stability.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.15-23
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• 2019

Purpose: Global economic integration has provided good opportunities and conditions for the development of foreign direct investment in Finances. Therefore, this paper attempts to explore what determines foreign direct investment in Finances of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Research design, data and methodology: This paper employs the panel data over the period 2005-2017 and uses the random effect model to estimate this proposition. Results: The results indicate that the foreign direct investment in services, growth rate of GDP, interest rate and saving are positively related with foreign direct investment in finances. Conversely, the growth rate of wage and fluctuation rate of exchange rate are negatively related with foreign direct investment in finances. Moreover, the results verify that the effect of these variables on foreign direct investment in finances is different before and after 2008 (global economic crisis). In addition, the results also manifest that the regional effect exists. Namely, the effect of these variables on foreign direct investment in finances between G7 countries and G20 countries exist significant difference. Conclusions: Those variables used in this paper are related with foreign direct investment in Finances of (OECD) countries.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2000

Objectives and Methods : In order to elucidate toxic mechanism of myocardial damage and protective effect of myrrha water extract against cytotoxic effect of xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine(XO/HX), cardioprotective effect of myrrha water extract was examined by MTT assay, LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) activity and heart beating rate after cultured myocardial cells derived from neonatal mouse were treated with various concentration of XO/HX, a free radical. Results : XO/HX induced a decrease of cell viability, an increase in the amount of LDH, and a decrease of heart beating rate on cultured myocardial cells in a dose-dependent manner. In cardioprotective effect of myrrha water extract, it showed a decrease in the amount of LDH and an increase of heart beating rate on cultured myocardial cells damaged by XO/HX. Conclusions : From the above results, it is suggested that XO/HX showed toxic effect in cultured myocardial cells derived from neonatal mouse and that myrrha water extract is very effective in the prevention of XO/HX-induced cardiotoxicity.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.135-143
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was performed to observe effect of acupuncture stimulation on heart rate variability in stroke patients. Methods : Data were obtained from heart rate variability of 29 stroke patients. Heart rate variability was measured total five times(before and after needle insertion, before and after needle removal, and 10 minutes after needle removal) for five minutes each time. Results : Heart rates were continuously decreased until 10 minutes after needle removal. SDNN, Total power, LF, and HF were increased until 5 minutes after needle removal, but deceased between 5 and 10 minutes after needle removal. There was no significant changes between male and female and among age groups. Conclusion : This study showed that acupuncture stimulation could effect on heart rate variability in stroke patients. Heart rate variability could be a objective tool to verify the mechanism of acupuncture effect in various condition.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 2019

Strain-rate and temperature have significant effects on the one-dimensional (1D) compression behavior of soils. This paper focuses on the bonding degradation effect of soil structure on the time and temperature dependent behavior of soft structured clay. The strain-rate and temperature dependency of preconsolidation pressure are investigated in double logarithm plane and a thermal viscoplastic model considering the combined effect of strain-rate and temperature is developed to describe the mechanical behavior of unstructured clay. By incorporating the bonding degradation, the model is extended that can be suitable for structured clay. The extended model is used to simulate CRS (Constant Rate of Strain) tests conducted on structural Berthierville clay with different strain-rates and temperatures. The comparisons between predicted and experimental results show that the extended model can reasonably describe the effect of bonding degradation on the stain-rate and temperature dependent behavior of soft structural clay under 1D condition. Although the model is proposed for 1D analysis, it can be a good base for developing a more general 3D model.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.1043-1058
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• 1990

The Strain rate effect in electro-magnetic forming, which is one of the high velocity forming methods, is studied by the finite element method in this paper. The forming process is simplified by neglecting the coupling between magnetic field and work-piece deformation, and the impulsive magnetic pressure is regarded as inner pressure load. A rate-dependent elasto-plastic material model, of which tangential modulus depends of effective strain rate, is proposed. The model is shown to well describe the transient increase of yield stresses, the decreases of the final displacement and yield stress, the decrease of the difference in the distribution of deformation along the axial direction, and the change of deformation mechanism due to strain rate effect. As a result, displacement, final deformed shape, radial velocity, deformation energy, and the changes of effective stress, effective strain and effective strain rate through plastic working are given. Based on the results, the effectiveness of this model and the strain rate effect of the deformation process of the work-piece are discussed.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.632-636
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• 1992

Second-order rate constants have been determined spectrophotometrically for nucleophilic substitution reactions of p-nitrophenyl benzoate with various anionic nucleophiles including 6 ${\alpha}$ -effect nucleophiles. The logarithmic second-order rate constants for the aryloxides give a good Bronsted correlation with the respective basicity while the ones for p-chlorothiophenoxide and hydroxide exhibit significantly positive and negative deviations, respectivity, from the Bronsted linear line. The deviations are attributed to a solvation effect rather than a change in the reaction mechanism. The ${\alpha}$-effect nucleophiles except highly basic ones demonstrate significantly higher nucleophilicity (the ${\alpha}$ -effect) than would be predicted from the respective basicity. The effect of solvation and polarizability appears to be important for the ${\alpha}$-effect as well as for the reaction rate.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2010

This paper focuses on the effect of creep on the critical compressive strain (CCS) of concrete. The strain of concrete corresponding to the peak compressive stress is crucial in the selection of the ultimate yield strength of the reinforcing bar used in reinforced concrete columns. Among the various influencing factors, such as the creep, shrinkage, loading rate and confinement, the effect of creep and shrinkage is the most significant. So far, investigations into how these factors can affect the CCS of concrete have been rare. Therefore, to investigate the effect of creep and shrinkage on CCS, an experimental (part I) and a parametric study (part II) were conducted, as presented in these papers (part I considers creep effect, part II considers effect of creep and shrinkage). In part I, experiments pertaining to the loading age, loading rate, loading duration and loading and creep levels were conducted to study the effect of these variables on the CCS of concrete. It was found that the effects of the loading rate, loading age, and level and duration on the CCS of concrete were negligible. However, it is very important to consider the effect of creep.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.503-508
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• 2004

Optimal remediation design using the pump and treat(P&T) method and natural attenuation was accomplished in consideration for degradation processes, such as sorption and first-order decay rate. Variation of both sorption and first-order decay rate has influence on design of optimal remediation application. When sorption effect increases, the more pumping rate and pumping wells are required. The location of operated wells is on the centerline of contaminant plume and wells near hot spot are mainly operated when sorption effect increases. The higher of first-order decay rate, the less pumping rate is required. These results show that the degradation processes have to be considered as one of the essential factors for optimal remediation design.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.179-182
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• 2000

Toluene-degrading bacterium, Microbacterium esteraromaticum CS3-1 was isolated from the biofilter for the removal of BTEX. Microbacterium esteraromaticum CS3-1 was shown to utilize toluene as a primary carbon and energy source. Effect of mixed BTEX gases on toluene degradation rate by M. esteraromaticum CS3-1 was investigated in this study. Toluene degradation rate was 2.26(only toluene), 2.06(toluene+benzene), 2.57(toluene+ethylbenzene), and 4.74(toluene+xylene) mmole $toluene\;{\cdot}\;g-DCW^{-1}\;{\cdot}\;h^{-1}$. Toluene degradation rate was 2.26(only toluene), 1.23(toluene+benzene+ethylbenzene), 1.52 (toluene+ethylbenzene+xylene), and 1.76(toluene+benzene+ethylbenzene+xylene) mmole $toluene\;{\cdot}\;g-DCW^{-1}\;{\cdot}\;h^{-1}$. The presence of BTEX compounds over three mixtures had a negative effect on toluene degradation rate. Toluene degradation rates were enhanced by the presence of ethylbenzene or xylene, whereas the presence of benzene had a negative effect on toluene degradation rate in comparison with toluene degradation rate when only toluene is existent.