• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2017

Raman microspectroscopy is a promising tool for microbial analysis at single cell level since it can rapidly measure the cell materials including lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins by measuring the inelastic scattering of a molecule irradiated by monochromatic lights. Using Raman spectra provides high specificity and sensitivity in classification of bacteria at the strain level. In addition, a Raman approach coupled with stabled isotope such as $^{13}C$ and $^2H$ is able to detect and quantify general metabolic activity at single cell level. After bacterial detection process by Raman microspectroscopy, interested unculturable cell sorting and single cell genomics can be accomplished by combination with optical tweezer and microfluidic devices. In this review, the characteristics and applications of Raman microspectroscopy were reviewed and summarized in order to provide a better understanding of microbial analysis using Raman spectroscopy.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.162-177
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• 2020

Research was conducted to characterize the copper production and smelting process with 11 copper smelting by-products (copper slag and copper crucible) excavated from the NA and LA areas at the Gwanbuk-ri archeological site in Buyeo. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and Raman microspectroscopy were employed in the analysis. The research results reveal that the copper slag from Gwanbuk-ri contained silicate oxide, magnetite, fayalite, and delafossite, which are typical characteristics of crucible slag and refined slag. The outward appearance and microstructure of the slag were grouped as follows: 1. glassy matrix + Cu prill, 2. glassy matrix + Cu prill + magnetite, 3. silicate mineral matrix + Cu prill, 4. crystalline (delafossite and magnetite) + amorphous (Cu prill), 5. magnetite + fayalite, and 6. slag from slag. The copper slags from Guanbuk-ri were found to contain residues of impurities such as SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO, SO₄, P₂O₅, Ag₂O, and Sb₂O₃ in their microstructure, and, in some cases, it was confirmed that copper, tin and lead are alloys. These results indicate that refining of intermediate copper(including impurities) and refining of alloys of copper(including impurities) - tin and refining of copper(including impurities) - tin - lead took place during the copper production process at Gwanbuk-ri, Buyeo.