• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.94-101
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• 2008

Since regulations of exhaust emissions are continuously reinforced, studies to reduce harmful emissions during the cold start period of SI engines have been carried out very extensively worldwide. During the cold start period, raising the temperature of cold exhaust gas is a key strategy to minimize the light-off time of three way catalysts. In this study, a synthetic gas containing a large amount of hydrogen was injected into the exhaust manifold to raise the exhaust gas temperature and to reduce harmful emissions. The authors tried to evaluate changes in exhaust gas temperature and harmful emissions through controlling the engine operating parameters such as ignition timings and lambda values. Also the authors investigated both combustion stability and reduction of harmful emissions. Experimental results showed that combustion of the synthetic gas in the exhaust manifold is a very effective way for solving the problems of harmful emissions and light-off time. The results also showed that the strategy of retarded ignition timings and increased air/fuel ratios with ESGI is effective in raising exhaust gas temperature and reducing harmful emissions. Futhermore, the results showed that engine operating parameters ought to be controlled to lambda = 1.2 and ignition timing = $0{\sim}3^{\circ}$ conditions to reduce harmful emissions effectively under stable combustion conditions.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.55-65
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• 2003

Pilot study was conducted to examine the effects of ponded-water depth and reclaimed wastewater irrigation on paddy rice culture. For the ponded-water depth effect, three treatments of shallow, traditional, and deep water depths were applied, and each treatment was triplicated. The irrigation water for the treatment pots was an effluent from constructed wetland system for sewage treatment, while the control pot was irrigated with tap water kept traditional ponded-water depth. Irrigation water quantity varied with ponded-water depth as expected and drainage water quantity also varied similarly, which implies that shallow irrigation might save irrigation water and also reduce environmental impacts on downstream water quality. Rice growth and production were not significantly affected by ponded-water depth within the experimental condition, instead there was an indication of increased production in shallow and deep ponded-water depths compared to the traditional practice. Raising drainage outlet to the adequate height in paddy dike might be beneficial to save water resources within the paddy field. There was no adverse effect observed in reclaimed wastewater irrigation on the rice production, and mean yield was even greater than the control pots with tap water irrigation although statistically not significant. Water-saving irrigation by shallow ponded-water depth, raising the outlet height in diked rice paddy fields, minimizing forced surface drainage by well-planned irrigation, and reclaimed wastewater irrigation are suggested to save water and protect water quality. However, deviation from traditional farming practices might affect rice growth in long term, and therefore, further investigations are recommended before full scale application.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.487-490
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• 2008

Purpose: The latissimus dorsi flap and the serratus anterior flap have been used as combined flaps to reconstruct extensive defects. Because these two muscles are usually supplied by the subscapular-thoracodorsal vessels, the two flaps can be based on vascular pedicle that is long and anatomically reliable. In this case, we reported that serratus anterior possessed an anomalous arterial supply totally independent from the subscapular pedicle while raising combined latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior flap. Methods: A 35-year-old male with extensive soft tissue defect in the left perineum and thigh visited. Muscle defects of the medial thigh were observed, and femoral nerve and vessels were exposed. Combined latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior free flap was raised to reconstruct defect. On raising flaps, artery supplying the serratus anterior muscle originated from the axillary artery directly, was lying on the undersurface of the serratus anterior muscle. Results: Because two flap pedicles had no communication and latissimus dorsi muscle was large enough to cover soft tissue defect, we transferred only latissimus dorsi free flap with 1 : 3 meshed skin graft. Patient had limb salvage and satisfactory functional outcome. Conclusion: There are many variations of arterial pedicles of flaps. However, most of these variations remain within known anatomical consistence, thus is an indicator in planning the dissection of the vessels. According to documents, arterial pedicle to the serratus muscle not originated from the thoracodorsal artery is rarely reported, and in most of these cases, the arteries are originated from the subscapular artery. Thus pedicle directly originated from the axillary artery to serratus muscle is a very rare variation in its vascular anatomy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.51-68
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• 2020

Korea's general rural development projects, which has shifted its paradigm to a bottom-up approach, should be promoted in the direction of focusing on the subjective well-being of the residents in rural areas. This study analyzed the effect that a general rural development project impact on the subjective well-being of the residents and the village leader in the relationship the spirituality of leadership, the village's social capital to analyze the impact any general rural areas, attributed the success of development projects with diversified.. The results are as follows: First, the basic living-based projects among general agricultural fishing village development projects have positive effects on the subjective welfare of the residents. Second, it was found that the basic living-based projects and regional income raising projects in general agricultural fishing village development projects had a positive effect on the altruistic behaviors and beliefs of spiritual leadership. Third, as a result of analyzing the effect of the level of general farming and fishing village development on social capital, regional income raising projects have a positive effect on the formation of social capital such as trust and network. Finally, as a result of analyzing the influence of social capital on subjective well-being, it was found that social capital such as trust and network has a positive effect on the subjective well-being of rural residents. In future research, it is required to select more extended research subjects not limited to residents of limited areas, and conduct repeated studies, with expanding the model to include the important variables that affect the subjective well-being of the residents.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.92-99
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• 2020

Background: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the income support allowance policy for the care workers on wage level. Methods: The analysis data was constructed using database (DB) of long-term care institution, DB of long-term care personnel status, and DB of health insurance qualification and contribution possessed by National Health Insurance Services. We analyzed the wage status of care workers 2009 to 2016 through basic analysis. We used the difference-in-difference analysis method for the workers who worked in the same institution from 2012 to 2013, The effects of the income allowance policy on wage increase were analyzed. Results: As a result of the net effect of the income support allowance policy, the monthly average wage of the care worker increased by 25,676 won and the hourly wage increased by 478 won. As a result of the analysis, it can be confirmed that the income support allowance policy has achieved some of the goals of raising the wage level of the care workers, and the effect of raising wages for other occupations in the long-term care business can be confirmed. Conclusion: The low wage problem of long-term care workers such as care workers is not the only problem in Korea. In other countries, there are various wage support policies for employees. In particular, it is necessary to refer to the improvement in the treatment of care workers in Japan and wage pass-through in the United States. In addition to wages, there is a need to promote policies to provide employment motivation through efforts to improve their social status and improve their job status and career development for employees in long-term care facilities.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.57-66
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• 2013

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects using pressure biofeedback and teaching abdominal hollowing exercise on pelvic stabilization during the active straight leg raising test. METHOD: The subjects were divided into 3 groups who were fourty eight healthy participants, aged 20~25 years recruited for this study. First group wad control group. This group didn't any education. Second group was teaching them for a week. And last group was teaching abdominal hollowing exercise. The rotation angles of pelvic were measured by the motion anayalyser on flat surface and on form roll for the active leg raising. RESULT: Using pressure biofeedback and teaching abdominal hollowing exercise groups were significantly effective than control group in rotation angles of pelvis. And using pressure biofeedback group was more effective than teaching core stability muscles contraction group. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that patients with low back pain and pelvic instability can improve pelvic stabilization through pressure biofeedback and teaching abdominal hollowing exercise.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.42-49
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• 2012

This study introduces cases of individual feeding systems for sow and the sow sorters which are the subparts of an eco-friendly feeding and management system based on a u-IT program using the hog feeding and management information system. The purpose of this study is to conduct an analysis of economic feasibility on cases of the improvement of the system using the u-IT and to provide information on the positive effects of an introduction of an eco-friendly pigsty and hog feeding and management system to hog raisers and government officials. The literature review and background section examine the effects of the introduction of u-IT technology into the field of livestock raising, hog feeding and management information system, and the eco-friendly feeding and management system based on the u-IT. This paper will present the results of the analysis on the effects and the economic feasibility of the individual feeding system for sow and the sow sorter utilizing the u-IT technology and information systems. The results of this study will contribute to the sustainable development of the hog raising industry by showing that the new feeding and management system utilizing the u-IT can not only increase the efficiency and productivity of farm management but also contribute to efficient, eco-friendly hog feeding and management.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 1976

The action of serotonin on the sodium plus potassium activated ATPase activity in the rabbit red cell membrane has been investigated. The experiments were also designed to determine the mechanism of action of serotonin on the ATPase activity. The following results were obtained. 1) The NaK ATPase activity of rabbit red cell ghosts is stimulated by low concentration of serotonin but inhibited by higher concentration, and the concentration of serotonin for maximal activity is about 2mM. The pH optimum for the serotonin sensitive component is 8.0. 2) The activating effect of serotonin on the ATPase, with a given concentration of sodium in the medium, is increased by raising the potassium concentration but the ratio of activity is decreased. 3) The activating effect of serotonin on the ATPase, with a given concentration of potassium in the medium, is increased by raising the sodium concentration but the ratio of activity is decreased. 4) The ATPase activity is increased by small amounts of calcium but inhibited by larger amounts and the ratio of activity by serotonin is decreased by small amounts of calcium but increased by larger amounts. 5) The action of serotonin on the ATPase activity was not related to the amino group of lysine, the hydroxyl group of threonine, the carboxyl group of aspartic acid, or the imidazole group of histidine. 6) The action of serotonin on the ATPase activity is due to sulfhydryl group of the enzyme of NaK ATPase.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.44-48
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• 2015

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between anticipatory postural adjustment (APA), single task, dual tasks and physical performances. The trunk muscles of APA consist of bilateral erector spinae (ES) and bilateral internal oblique (IO) adnominal muscles, during rapid stepping with the affected or unaffected leg in a sitting posture. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: In patients with chronic stroke, electrodes of surface electromyography (EMG) were attached on the bilateral erector spinae (ES), bilateral internal oblique adnominal (IO), and bilateral rectus femoris (RF) muscles. RF acts as the prime mover. The stroke patients performed hip flexion until $20^{\circ}$ as fast as possible at each leg in a sitting posture according to a visual cue. The visual cue unexpectedly appeared on monitor in front of the stroke patient. The single task was the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. The dual tasks were the TUGconitive, which increased cognitive capacity, and the TUGmanual task, which had an external focus. Results: All EMG data showed earlier onset latency before the prime mover. In affected leg raising, the onset time of unaffected ES muscle of the stroke patients was correlated with the single and dual tasks (p<0.05). In unaffected leg raising, the onset time of the affected IO muscle was related to all the tasks (p<0.05). Gait speed showed a relationship with the unaffected ES muscle only. Conclusions: The trunk muscles of the bilateral ES and bilateral IO play an important role in APA. The single and dual tasks using TUG test were correlated with the APA s of ES and IO muscles. Dual task by the TUG test is a good measuring tool for reflecting the real life in patients with chronic stroke.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.33-49
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• 2002

With the wide range of movement, the movement of neck accompanies the body surface change of neck and shoulders. And neck corresponds to the collar of garment, meaning that the body surface change of this part affects the construction of patterns for collars. So the purpose of this study was to manifest the changes of body surface in the neck and shoulder accompanied with the movement of the neck and to draw up the facts worth consideration when constructing the collar pattern. In this study, the draft of body surface of neck and shoulder was drawn up by gypsum method according to the 5 movements (standing at attention, neck bending - front, back, right, left). The length of body surface was measured and analyzed by ANOVA, post hoc test, correlation and regression analysis using SPSS 10.0 for Windows. The variation of the surface of neck was remarkable in the vertical lines than the horizontal ones. So the height of collar should be established considering the range of movement of the neck. It was the raising amount of c.f(center front) of neck and girth of neckbase (back) that were proved to have significantly varied after movement. With correlation analysis done, in every movement, the raising amount of side and the girth of neckbase had remarkably positive relation. The movement of the neck accompanied the variation of body surface in the shoulder as well. It was the part of scapula and side of neckbase that the variation was notable, suggesting that the surplus is needed in these parts.