• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.247-261
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• 2006

In oriental medicine, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma & Gardeniae Fructus are frequently used materials for anti-inflammatory effect especially urinary tract disease and for neuropsychosis. Bang-Yak-Hap-Pyun(方藥合編) is widely used for clinical herbal prescription book. In Bang-Yak-Hap-Pyun(방약합편), Rhei Radix et Rhizoma is used 0.8g~16g. and Gardeniae Fructus is used 1.2g~6g. The most important fact is that the prescriptions used Rhei Radix et Rhizoma & Gardeniae Fructus at the same time are 4(Yang-Gyuk-San, Pal-Jung-San, Sa-Chung-Hwan, Suk-Gyul-Myung-San. The ratio of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma & Gardeniae Fructus are 2:1, 1:1, 1:1, 1:2 ). The number of prescription Rhei Radix et Rhizoma & Gardeniae Fructus in Bang-Yak-Hap-Pyun is total 45. 1 in sang-tong(上統), 5 in jung-tong(中統), 39 in ha-tong(下統). The group of mostly used disease is about urinary tract. The ratio of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma in Bang-Yak-Hap-Pyun is 3.33%~57.14%. And the ratio of Gardeniae Fructus is 3.47%~98%. The mostly quoted medical literature what prescription included Rhei Radix et Rhizoma & Gardeniae Fructus in Bang-Yak-Hap-Pyun are Dong-Yi-Bo-Gam and Man-byung-hoe-chun.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.195-207
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate how Rhei Radix et Rhizoma affects on insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammatory response in high fat diet induced obese C57BL/6 mice. Methods : Obesity was induced in C57BL/6 mice by high fat diet for 12 weeks. Models were divided into 3 groups (n=6) of normal diet, high fat diet (HFD), and high fat diet with Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and investigated for 12 weeks. We measured body weight, FBS and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), serum insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), weight of liver and epididymal fat pad. Inflammatory markers such as adipose tissue macrophage (ATM), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ and interlukin-10 and CD68 of epididymal adipocyte were determined to evaluate the effect of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma on adipose tissue inflammation. Results : Compared with the HFD group, we observed loss of body weight and epididymal fat pad weight, improvement of glucose level and HOMA-IR, reduction of ATM and gene expression of TNF-${\alpha}$, CD68 in the high fat diet with Rhei Radix et Rhizoma group. Conclusions : This study suggests that Rhei Radix et Rhizoma has effects on insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammatory response in high fat diet induced obese mice.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.115-120
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• 2009

Objectives : Due to the morphological similarity and frequent occurrence of intermediate forms as well as morphological variations of aerial part, the correct identification between Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Rhei Undulatai Rhizoma is very difficult. To develop a reliable method for correct identification and improving the quality standards of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Rhei Undulatai Rhizoma, we analyzed RAPD and developed SCAR marker. Methods : To amplify target DNA at the genomic level, 32 Operon 10-mer random primers were applied with four Rheum species, R. officinale, R. palmatum, R. tanguticum and R. undulatum. The nucleotide sequences were determined and species-specific primers were prepared depending on the species-specific RAPD amplicons after subcloned into the pGEM-Teasy vector. To develop the SCAR markers, species-specific PCR amplification and multiplex-PCR were carried out using the single species-specific primer pairs and combinations of them, respectively. Results : We used RAPD analysis of four Rheum plant species to obtain several species-specific RAPD amplicons. From nucleotide sequences of these RAPD amplicons, we developed two SCAR markers that amplified 314 bp and 390 bp DNA fragments in only R. undulatum but not in R. officinale, R. palmatum, R. tanguticum and R. undulatum, for distinguishing Rhei Undulatai Rhizoma and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma. Furthermore, we established SCAR markers for the simultaneous discrimination of the three species within a single reaction by using multiplex-PCR. Conclusions : These genetic markers can be used for the efficient discrimination of plants species and commercial herbal medicines between Rhei Undulatai Rhizoma and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, to ultimately prevent indiscriminate distribution and prescription of these herbal medicines.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.131-142
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• 2004

The purpose of this research was to investigate cytotoxity of Sunbanhwalmyungeum extract. Cytotoxity was determined by MTT assay method. After tumor cell lines(G361, BI6F10, MDA, A549) transplantation, the extracts of SunBangHwalMyungEum and its composition oriental medicines were administered, cytotoxity was measured by absorbance. The results were obtained as follows. 1. Sunbanhwalmyungeum extract and its composition oriental medicines extracts showed the concentration was higher, the more cytotoxity increased. 2. Both water and ethanol extracts of Sunbanhwalmyungeum showed excellent cytotoxity against G361, B16F10, MDA, A549 and high cytotoxity over 80$\%$ against G361, B16F10, MDA except A549 at the concentration of 1000ppm. 3. In water extract, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Gleditsiae Spina, Trichosanthis Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Ledebouriellae Radix showed excellent cytotoxity. In ethanol extract, Gleditsiae Spina, Citri Pericarpium, Trichosanthis Radix, Paeoniae Radix Rubra, Myrrha showed excellent cytotoxity. 4. Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Gleditsiae Spina, Trichosanthis Radix, Paeoniae Radix Rubra showed high cytotoxity in both water and ethanol extrats. 5. In water extract, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Ledebouriellae Radix, Myrrha showed high cytotoxity against A361, Lonicerae Flos, Olibanum, Fritillariae cirrhosae Bulbus, Paeoniae Radix Rubra, Manitis Squama against B16F10, Paeoniae Radix Rubra, Manitis Squama against MDA, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Angelicae gigantis Radix against A549. 6. In ethanol extract, Lonicerae Flos, Trichosanthis Radix showed high cytotoxity against G361, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Angelicae gigantis Radix, Gleditsiae Spina, Olibanum, Angelicae dahuricae Radix, Fritillariae cirrhosae Bulbus, Paeoniae Radix Rubra, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Ledebouriellae Radix, Myrrha against B16F10, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Manitis Squama against MDA, Citri Pericarpium, Manitis Squama against A549.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.9-18
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• 2012

Objectives : This research was performed to investigate the effects of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma pharmacopuncture at Bi-Su($BL_{20}$) on weight change, food efficiency, concentration of serum lipid, liver function of rats fed high fat diet for 8 weeks. Methods : Subject groups were diveded into normal diet group(Normal), high fat diet group(Control), high fat diet and saline in $BL_{20}$ treated group(Saline), high fat diet and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma pharmacopuncture in $BL_{20}$ treated group(PT-1, 0.008mg/ml/g), high fat diet and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma pharmacopuncture in $BL_{20}$ treated group(PT-2, 0.021mg/ml/g), and high fat diet and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma pharmacopuncture in $BL_{20}$ treated group(PT-3, 0.042mg/ml/g). Pharmacopuncture was bilaterally treated at BL20 every 4 days, totally 14 times in 56 days. We observed the changes of body weight, food efficiency, ALT, AST, r-GTP, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL-cholesterol of each group. Results : 1. Body weight significantly decreased, as compared with the control group, in PT-1 from 2nd week to 8th week, in PT-2 from 4th week to 7th week. 2. Food efficiency decreased, as compared with the control group, in PT-1(0.05${\leq}$p<0.06). 3. HDL-cholesterol increased, as compared with the control group, in PT-1, PT-3, but not significantly. 4. In the changes of ALT, as compared with the control group, only in PT-1 group, the level of serum ALT decreased(0.05${\leq}$p<0.06). 5. As for the changes of r-GTP, as compared with control group, in every subject group, the levels of serum r-GTP significantly decreased. Conclusions : According to the above results, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma pharmacopuncture at $BL_{20}$ can act on body weight, food efficiency and liver function. It also does not seem to be injurious on liver function. To use Rhei Radix et Rhizoma pharmacopuncture for obesity, further studies on its underlying mechanism and optimal dosage might be needed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48
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• pp.79-95
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• 2003

To clarify the botanical origins of oriental medicines which have been argued or confused for plant origins, species of original plants were investigated through the textural research for oriental medicines and the comparison of Chinese, Korean, Japanese and North Korean Pharmacopoeia. Twenty oriental medicines were studied; Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Rhei Rhizoma, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preparata, Acanthopanacis Cortex, Osterici Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma, Saposhnikovae Radix, Magnoliae Cortex, Paeoniae Radix, Liriopis Tuber, Zanthoxyli Fructus, Achyranthis Radix, Sinomeni Caulis et Rhizoma, Polygonati Rhizoma, Cinnamomi Cortex, Visci Herba et Loranthi Ramulus, Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus, Pogostemonis Herba, and Curcumae Longae Radix.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2011

Objectives : To quantitatively analyze the academic characteristics of Yuhagan and Idongwon and compare it to existing qualitative analysis. Methods : The prescriptions listed in Somunsunmyungronbang and Nansilbijang were entered into a database. Commonly used combination of medical herbs were researched throughout the literature. Results : In Nansilbijang, among the combinations of 8 medical herbs, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Bupleuri Radix, Ginseng Radix, Citri Pericarpium, Atractyodis Rhizoma, Astragali Radix, Phellodendri Cortex combination was used 11 times out of the 277 prescriptions. In Somunsunmyungronbang, combinations of 7 medical herbs: (Glycyrrhizae Radix, Platycodi Radix, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Menthae Herba, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Gypsum Fibrosum, Forsythiae Fructus), (Glycyrrhizae Radix, Angelicae gigantis Radix, Paeniae Radix Alba, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Gypsum Fibrosum, Cnidii Rhizoma, Scutellariae Radix), (Glycyrrhizae Radix, Platycodi Radix, Angelicae gigantis Radix, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Gypsum Fibrosum, Schizonepete Herba) were each used 7 times out of the 350 prescriptions. Conclusions : Nansilbijang shows more prescriptions applying Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Bupleuri Radix, Ginseng Radix, Citri Pericarpium, Atractyodis Rhizoma, Astragali Radix, Phellodendri Cortex. Prescriptions aimed to tonify ql with Ginseng Radix and Astragali Radix, to upraise the middle qi with Bupleuri Radix and Cimicifugae Rhizoma, and to regulate qi with Citri Pericarpium and Atractyodis Rhizoma were common. Somunsunmyungronbang preferred the use of Angelicae gigantis Radix, Platycodi Radix, Rhel Radix et Rhizoma, Gypsum Fibrosum, Schizonepete Herba, Forsythiae Fructus and Menthae Herba so its focus was on the aggressive management of febrile diseases.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.17-21
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• 2010

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate the differential mechnism of vasodilation of alcohol steamed Rhei Tangutici Radix et Rhizoma. (ART) and Rhei Tangutici Radix et Rhizoma. (RT) in rat thoracic aorta. Methods : Rat aortic ring preparations were mounted in organ baths with oxygenated (95% $O_2$-5% $CO_2$) Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solutions at $37{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ and subjected to contractions or relaxations. Results : ART exerted vasorelaxation on phenylephrine(PE)-induced contraction in a dose dependent manner. Vasorelaxation effects of ART and RT were endothelium-independent. In the $Ca^{2+}$-free high KCl (60 mM) baths, the contraction of aortic rings induced by accumulative addition of $Ca^{2+}$ (0.3-10.0 mM) was significantly reduced by pre-treatment with both ART and RT for 10 min. The magnitude of vasodilatation was biggerin ART. Moreover, verapamil ($0.001{\mu}M$) and diltiazem ($10{\mu}M$), voltage operative $Ca^{2+}$channel blockers, attenuated the relaxation effect of ART but not that of RT. In the absence of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$, pre-incubation of the aortic rings with RT ($1.0mg/m{\ell}$) significantly reduced the contraction caused by PE but not that of ART. $K^+$ channel inhibitors such as glibenclamide (Gli, $10^{-5}M$), tetraethylammonium (TEA, 1 mM) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 0.2 mM) significantly reduced the ART's vasorelaxation efficacy, but not that of RT. However, the relaxation effects of ART and RT were not inhibited by pre-treatment with indomethacin ($10^{-5}M$), and atropine ($10^{-6}M$). Conclusions : These results suggest that the endothelium-independent relaxation is due to inhibition of $Ca^{2+}$ influx via the suppression of $Ca^{2+}$ release from intracelluar store in RT but via both voltage operative $Ca^{2+}$channel blockage and $K^+$ channel activation in ART.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.244-270
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate an anti-HBV activities of the aqueous extracts from 10 Korean herbal medicines in the HepG2 2.2.15 cell culture system and the results were as follows: 1. The extracts of 6 plants (Herba Artemisiae Capillaris, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Cortex Cinnamomi, Fructus Chebulae, Fructus Rubi and Radix Rubi) decreased, significantly and dose-dependently, the levels of extracellular HBV virion in the concentrations (10, 100, 500 and $1,000\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) tested. 2. However, others (Radix lsatidis, Lignum Sappan, Herba Lysimachiae and Fructus Lycii) did not show any effect either on the replication of HBV or on the levels of virion DNA in the culture media of HepG2 2.2.15 cell. 3. Among the 6 plants which showed the inhibitory potency on the production of extracellular HBV virion, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Cortex Cinnamomi, Fructus Chebulae, Fructus Rubi and Radix Rubi except Herba Artemisiae Capillaris also showed the inhibition of the replication of intracellular HEV DNA in the range of $100{\sim}500\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Considering the above results, it is thought that 6 plants(Herba Artemisiae Capillaris, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Cortex Cinnamomi, Fructus Chebulae, Fructus Rubi and Radix Rubi) possess the anti-HBV activities in the HepG2 2.2.15 cell culture system. We thus suggest that these plants possess a potential as a therapeutic agent for the chronic viral hepatitis. These results might be useful as a basic data for the development of the new preventive drugs for HBV diseases.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.845-854
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• 2006

Objectives : This study aimed at investigating whether aqueous extract of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (AR) ameliorates renal and vascular complications in diabetic rats. Methods : The experiment operated for 6 weeks. The rats were divided into 4 groups: normal group, diabetic group (control group), diabetic group treated with AR (100 mg/kg/day) for the last 3 weeks, and diabetic group treated with AR (200 mg/kg/day) for the last 3 weeks. Results : There were no significant changes in the renal functional parameters by treatment of AR in the diabetic rats. Aorta segment in the diabetic rats revealed a thickening of intima and media, which was ameliorated by treatment with AR. The aortic expression level of endothelin-1 was also significantly attenuated by treatment with AR. Conclusions : Treatment with AR could not ameliorate renal functional defects, but improved vascular complication in diabetic rats.