• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.668-675
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• 2002

The circles deform into various shape during deformation, the major and minor axes of which indicate the direction of the major and minor principal strains. Likewise, the measured dimensions are used to determine the major and minor principal strain magnitudes. This circular grid technique of measuring strains can be used to diagnose the causes of necking and fracture in industrial practice and to investigate whether these defects were caused by material property variation, changes in lubrication, of incorrect press settings. In non-axisymmetric deep drawing, three modes of forming regimes are found: draw, stretch, plane strain. The stretch mode for non-axisymmetric deep drawing could be defined when the major and minor strains are positive. The draw mode could be defined when the major strain is positive and minor strain is negative, and plane strain mode could be defined when the major strain is positive and minor strain is zero. Through experiments the draw mode was shown on the wall and flange are one of a drawn cup, while the plane strain and the stretch mode were on the punch head and the punch corner area respectively, We observed that the punch load of elliptical deep drawing was decreased according to increase of die corner radius and the thickness deformation of minor side was more large than major side.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.336-341
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• 2009

Hydroformed parts have higher dimensional accuracy, structural strength, and dimensional repeatability. Particularly in the automotive industry, manufacturing of parts with complex shapes from tubular materials sometimes requires one or more pre-forming operations such as bending before the hydroforming process. The pre-bending process is an important process for the successful hydroforming in the case where the perimeter of the blank is nearly the same as that of final product. The bendability of a tube depends on the parameters such as the bending radius, welding methods, mechanical properties and hardness. Through the stainless steel tubes bent by rotary draw bending machine, this study shows the following : (1) The influence on spring back ratio variation with stress level in the welded bent tube. (2) The Cross-section ovality variation with weld seam position and bending radius. (3) The relation between elongation and thickness reduction of tension zone with weld seam position and bending radius. (4) Workability evaluation of bent stainless steel tubes through the hardness of materials and hardness increment. The results of this study may help to understanding of characteristics on bendability of stainless steel tubes.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.582-589
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• 2007

This paper is related to an analysis on the surface expansion in backward can extrusion process using spherical punches. It is generally known that the backward can extrusion process usually experiences severe normal pressure and heavy surface expansion. This is a reason why the backward can extrusion process is one of most difficult operations among many forging processes. Different punch nose radii have been applied to the simulation to investigate the effect of punch nose radius on the surface expansion, which is a major effort in this study. AA 2024 aluminum alloy is selected as a model material for investigation. Different frictional conditions have also been selected as a process parameter. The pressure applied on the punch has been also investigated since heavy surface expansion as well as high normal pressure on the tool usually leads to severe tribological conditions along the interface between material and tool. The simulation results are summarized in terms of surface expansion at different reduction in height, deformation patterns including strain distributions and maximum pressure exerted on the workpiece and punch, the effect of punch nose radius and the frictional condition on the surface expansion and the location and magnitude of maximum pressure exerted, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.31-39
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• 1996

In this paper, the error and its sources in manufacturing of bourdon tube pressure gage was studied, and the method to reduce such errors was discussed. In more detail, the effects of parallelism of rollers, spring back, uniformity of radius curvature and the ratio of circumferential speeds of rollers were invesrti- gated. As a reselt, we could find out that the aprallelism of roller affected to the displacement error at the free end of gage and that the amount of spring back was closely related with the ratio of circumferential speeds of rollers. The uniformity of curvature radius was determined by the distance between bending rollers and it was comparatively uniform in the range above 30 .deg. C from the both sides of tube. Also, the ratio of circumfer-ential speeds of rollers was finded out as a very important factor giving severe influence on the creep or the hysteresis of bourdon tube.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.458-461
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• 2016

In this study, a finite element analysis for high-speed blanking of mild steel is performed. A thermomechanically coupled simulation model of a blanking process was developed using ABAQUS/Explicit. Through a simulation of the high-speed blanking process of mild steel, the influence of the punch speed, tool edge radius, and work material thickness on the development of the plastic heat and punch load were studied. The results of the study revealed that a higher punch speed caused thermal softening of the work material and decreased the punch load. Decreasing tool edge radius could help reduce the punch load. In addition, the results of the study revealed that the thermal softening effect was more dominant in the blanking of a mild steel sheet with a greater thickness as compared to that in the blanking of a mild steel sheet with a lower thickness.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.69 no.6
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• pp.693-698
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• 2019

In this study, the problem of axisymmetric deformation of prestressed $F{\ddot{o}}ppl-Hencky$ membrane under constrained deflecting was analytically solved and its closed-form solution was presented. The small-rotation-angle assumption usually adopted in membrane problems was given up, and the initial stress in membrane was taken into account. Consequently, this closed-form solution has higher calculation accuracy and can be applied for a wider range in comparison with the existing approximate solution. The presented numerical examples demonstrate the validity of the closed-form solution, and show the errors of the contact radius, profile and radial stress of membrane in the existing approximate solution brought by the small-rotation-angle assumption. Moreover, the influence of the initial stress on the contact radius is also discussed based on the numerical examples.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1474-1482
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• 1994

In order to study the influence of a circular inclusion on a stress field neat a crack tip, mutual interference of a crack and the circular inclusion is analyzed by using the two dimensional boundary element method program made for the analysis of a bimaterial inclusion. The stress intensity factor of an inclusion which has small stiffness is a little greater than that of large stiffness in the near-by crack tip, and similar values tends to appear for distant crack tips. A line crack shows the repetition phenomena which caused by stress mutual interference depending on the radius and stiffness of an inclusion, and the repetition phenomena becoms weak in the inclusion which has large stiffness. Stress mutual interference shows repetition phenomena after extension of a line crack by the length of the radius of the inclusion which has small stiffness.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.42.2-42.2
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• 2016

It is well known that theoretical models of Wolf-Rayet stars are not consistent with observational data in terms of temperature and stellar radius. Recent study in analytical and numerical simulations show the importance of density inhomogeneity in stellar envelope. Using 1-dimensional numerical simulations, we study how such clumpiness arisen over convective surface of Wolf-Rayet stars affect their evolutionary path. Starting from pure helium star models, we constructed 21 different initial conditions by varying stellar mass, metallicity, and the clumpiness of the sub-surface convection zone. We run the simulations until the oxygen-burning is reached and find that the influence of the clumpiness is sensitive to the initial metallicity. Our models with high metallicity including the effect of the density inhomogeneity can roughly explain the observed properties of Wolf-Rayet stars such as stellar radius and temperature. By contrast, despite a considerable amount of density inhomogeneity is given, low metallicity models could not fully explain observations. To understand the inconsistency in low metallicity models, detailed study with improved model is required, taking account of the error range of the observations.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.167-177
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• 2023

A probabilistic micromechanical framework is proposed to quantify numerically the self-healing capabilities of polymers containing microcapsules. A two-step self-healing process is designed in this study: A probabilistic micromechanical framework based on the ensemble volume-averaging method is derived for the polymers, and a hitting probability model combined with a crack nucleation model is then utilized for encountering microcapsules and microcracks. Using this framework, a series of parametric investigations are performed to examine the influence of various model parameters (e.g., the volume fraction of microcapsules, microcapsule radius, radius ratio of microcracks to microcapsules, microcrack aspect ratio, and scale parameter) on the self-healing capabilities of the polymers. The proposed framework is also implemented into a finite element code to solve the self-healing behavior of tapered double cantilever beam specimens.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.150-156
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• 2000

The objective of this study is to investigate effects of prebuckling on the buckling of laminated composite cylindrical shells. Axial compression and lateral pressure are considered for laminated composite cylindrical shells with the ratios of length to radius. The shell walls are made of a laminate with several symmetric ply orientations. The study was made using finite difference energy method, utilizing the nonlinear bifurcation branch with nonlinear prebuckling displacements. The results are compared to the buckling loads determined when membrane prebuckling displacements are considered. Review the influence of nonlinear prebuckling for the buckling loads, the difference between the actual and classical buckling loads are increased as the increments with the ratios of length to radius, for which is applied the axial compression, but almost same for the lateral pressure.