• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.2841-2846
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• 2014

Background: When dealing with breast cancer, early detection is closely associated with determining and closely monitoring high risk groups. The aim of this study was to determine the preventable risk factors that are specific for our country, and to understand which risk factors were most predominant. Materials and Methods: The study was planned as a case-control design. Women diagnosed with breast cancer who visited the Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Radiation Oncology outpatient clinics of the Izmir Dokuz Eylul University (DEU) School of Medicine were accepted as the case group. Then a control group matched for age was established among females who visited the outpatient clinics on the same days. A questionnaire prepared by the researchers was implemented using a face-to-face interview technique. The Mann-Whitney U test was used in the comparisons of the group averages, and the Pearson chi-square test in the comparisons between groups. In order to determine the dominant risk factors, binary logistical regression test was implemented. Results: A total of 138 patients, 69 cases and 69 controls, were included in the study. A significant difference can be detected between the groups in terms of BMI, smoking, breast cancer prevalence among first degree family members, presence of breast cancer among distant family members, existence of other types of cancers among family members and the age of onset of menopause (p<0.05). Logistical regression analysis revealed that the presence of breast cancer among first degree relatives increased the risk of developing breast cancer 5.7 times. Conclusions: Although some results of this study are compatible with findings in the literature, some are not. In order to determine unique risk factors, there is a clear need for large-scale studies.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.57-61
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• 2008

Background: Shoulder joint injection is currently performed under fluoroscopic or computed tomography scan guidance. We performed this study to determine if an ultrasound guided shoulder joint injection through rotator cuff interval would have clinical usefulness. Methods: A total of 17 volunteers [12 women, 5 men; mean age 28 yr (23-32 yr)] received shoulder joint injection under multilinear ultrasound (5-10 MHz). Volunteers were positioned supinely on a table with their arm in a neutral position. The anterior shoulder region of the patient was sterilized using povidone iodine. A 24 gauge needle was introduced and directly visualized in real time as it passed obliquely from the skin surface to the inferior space of the biceps tendon. If there was little or no resistance to the injection, a contrast media (omnipaque) was injected and checked fluoroscopically. Results: Ultrasound guided shoulder joint injection through rotator cuff interval was successful in all cases. The average time taken for the procedure was $27.5{\pm}16.5sec$. The vertical distance from skin to the inferior space of the biceps tendon was $1.6{\pm}0.4cm$ and the distance of needle from the skin to the inferior space of biceps tendon was $2.8{\pm}0.6cm$. The procedure was well tolerated by all volunteers. Conclusions: Ultrasound guided shoulder joint injection through rotator cuff interval is an effective, rapid, and easy-to-perform injection technique. Ultrasound guided injection enables exact needle placement and avoids the use of both ionizing radiation and iodinated contrast material.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.80-88
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• 2010

In order to offer a better understanding of air pollution of China as well as East Asia we attempted to characterize the chemical properties of the raw coal materials mined in China and their combusted bottom ashes generated from coal fired power plant. To this end, we measured the chemical characteristics of individual bottom ashes and feed coal fragments collected at a coal fired power generator which was operated with the raw coal dug at a coal mine in China. The chemical properties of these two sample types were determined by a synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) microprobe method. Through an application of such technique, it was possible to draw the 2D elemental maps in and/or on raw coal fragments and fired bottom ashes. The pulverized fine pieces of feed coal mainly consisted of mineral components such as Fe, Ca, Ti, Ca, and Si, while Fe was detected as overwhelming majority. The elemental mass of combusted bottom ash shows strong enrichment of many elements that exist naturally in coal. There were significant variations in chemical properties of ash-to-ash and fragment-to-fragment. Although we were not able to clearly distinguish As and Pb peaks because of the folding in their X-ray energies, these two elements can be used as tracers of coal fire origin.

• Journal of Satellite, Information and Communications
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.133-137
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• 2016

Millimeter wave wireless communication systems, especially those targeting indoor high rate data transfer, have a strong requirement for high quality wireless link. Unfortunately, in this frequency band, the electromagnetic wave has to sustain the high propagation loss caused by the smaller wavelengths. In this scenario, beamforming technique, which enhances the link quality by focusing the radiation power on a direction, becomes one of the most important techniques in millimeter wave band wireless communication. In recent year, there been conducted many research on beamforming to improve the performance of wireless system. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of a simplified codebook-based beamforming scheme which is based on multiple-procedure and three-state beam selection. The simplified scheme significantly reduces beamforming setup time, comparing to the exhaustive searching, two-level searching adopted in IEEE 802.15.3c standard, and also conventional multi-level scheme.

• KIEE International Transaction on Electrical Machinery and Energy Conversion Systems
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• v.4B no.2
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• pp.86-91
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• 2004

PV power generation, which directly converts solar radiation into electricity, contains numerous significant advantages. It is inexhaustible and pollution-free, silent, contains no rotating parts, and has size-independent electricity conversion efficiency. The positive environmental effect of photovoltaics is that it replaces the more polluting methods of electricity generation or that it provides electricity where none was available before. This paper highlights a novel simple method to abstract the entire parameters of the solar cell. In development, design and operation of PV power generation systems, a technique for constructing V-I curves under different levels of solar irradiance and cell temperature conditions using basic characteristic values of the PV module is required. Everyone who has performed manual acquisition and analysis of solar cell I versus V data would agree that the job is tedious and time-consuming. A better alternative is to use an automated curve tracer to print out the I versus V curves and compute the four major parameters; $V_{oc}$, $I_{sc}$, FF, and . Generally, the V-I curve tracer indicates only the commonly used solar cell parameters. However, with the conventional V-I curve tracer it is almost impossible to abstract the more detailed parameters of the solar cell; A, $R_{s}$ and $R_{sh}$ , which satisfies the user, who aims at the analysis of the development of the PV power generation system, that being advanced simulation. In this paper, the proposed method provides us with satisfactory results to enable us to abstract the detailed parameters of the solar cell; A, $R_s$ and $R_{sh}$.>.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 1995.02a
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• pp.36-36
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• 1995

The cubic (zinc blende) CdSe eppilayers were grown on GaAs(100) substrates by electron beam (e-beam) evapporation technique. X-ray scans with copper $K\alpha$ radiation indicate that the CdSe eppilayers are zinc blende. The lattice pparameter obtained from the (400) reflection is 6.077$\AA$, which is in excellent agreement with the value repported in the literature for zinc blende CdSe. The orientation of as-grown CdSe eppilayer is determined by electron channeling ppatterns(ECpp). The crystallinity of heteroeppitaxial CdSe layers were investigated based on the double crystal x-ray rocking curve(DCRC). The deppendence of the rocking curve width on layer thickness was studied. The FWHM(full width at half maximum) of CdSe eppilayers grown on GaAs(100) substrates is decreasing with increasing eppilayer thickness. The carrier concentration and mobility of the as-grown eppilayers deduced Hall data by van der ppauw method, are about 7$\times$1017 cm-3 and 2$\times$102 $\textrm{cm}^2$ / sec at room tempperature, resppectively. The energy gapp was determinded from the pphotocurrent sppectrum. In pphotocurrent sppectrum of a 1-${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$-thick CdSe eppilayer at 30K, the ppeak at 1.746 eV is due to the free exciton of cubic CdSe. In summary, We have shown that eppilayers of zinc blende CdSe can be grown on GaAs(100) substrates by e-beam, desppite the large mismatch between eppilayer and substrate, as well as the natural ppreference for CdSe to form in the wurtzite structure.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1593-1596
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• 2013

Background: To evaluate outcomes using a Thai herbal medicine, Vilac Plus (G716/45) with standard radiotherapy in comparison with historic controls from literature reports of the results of treatment in stage IIIB cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: Between March 2003 and June 2005, thirty patients with advanced cervical cancer stage IIIB-IV who had a poor performance status were treated by palliative radiotherapy along with an adjuvant daily dose of 15-30 ml of Thai herbal tonic solution (Vilac Plus G716/45) administered orally three times after meals as an additional supportive therapy. The results were analyzed from the aspect of the overall survival rates with curves estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results:.The median follow -up time for stage IIIB was 4.2 years with a range of 7.9 months - 6.1 years. The overall 1, 3, and 5 year survival rates for stage IIIB were 88%, 60% and 52%. Conclusions: The overall 5 year survival rate for stage IIIB with a poor performance status was 52% when compared with 34-54.8% for historic controls. The combined complementary palliative radiotherapy (CCPR) had low rates of radiation morbidity. It was a simple technique and feasible for developing countries. The pilot study was limited by the small number of patients and further research will be necessary to assess interrelated and confounding factors in treatment of cervical cancer patients.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.79-89
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• 2004

Remote sensing technique is a probable means to estimate distribution of actual evapotranspiration in connection with regional characteristics of vegetation and landuse. The factors controlling evapotranspiration from ground surface are air temperature, humidity, wind, radiation, soil moisture and so on. Not only the vegetation influences directly the evapotranspiration, but also these factors strongly influences the vegetation growth at the area. Therefore, it can be expected that evapotranspiration is highly correlated to vegetation condition. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) showed excellent ability to get the vegetation information. The NDVI is obtained using NOAA/AVHRR have been studied as a tool for vegetation monitoring. In this paper, a simple method to estimate actual avapotranspiration is proposed based on vegetation and meteorological data.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.399-402
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to propose a method for protecting injector face for prolonged combustion time and heat flux measurement technique at the injector face. To obtain basic design data and verify the performance of the proposed method, a regenerative cooling injector face was designed and manufactured for the hot firing test. Due to the safety reason, hot fire test were performed 3, 10, 30, 60 and 120 seconds time step. The discrepancy between analytical results adapting to combustion and nozzle and experimental results is believed due to the over estimation of the convection heat transfer calculation. for the injector face, flow velocity is almost negligible, therefore radiation is more important than convection. Consecutive hot firing test during 10, 30, 60 and 120 seconds combustion time shows good repeatability.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.27 no.1B
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• pp.114-124
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• 2002

In this paper, we proposed the image-based 3D ray tracing indoor propagation model using a patch scattering model for fading analysis of indoor propagation environments. An image-based 3D ray tracing technique is mainly used, which allows the rapid generation of the complex channel impulse response for any given location and polarization of transmitter and receiver. Due to the site specific nature of indoor environment, we took into account the location and the electrical properties of individual walls and objects such as windows, doors and plaster board in our propagation model. Besides, the 3D radiation beam-patterns and polarizations of arbitrary antennas were considered, and using patch scattering model we can consider the change of the polarization due to the scattering from the various indoor objects, like desks, chairs and etc. the are almost impossible to be modeled with the basic image-based ray tracing method. The model will predict the impulse response, the rms delay spread, the fading characteristics of the channel and performances of the polarization diversity schemes.