• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.212-221
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• 2017

Background: This study aims to calculate detector positions as a design of a radioactive source localizing radiation portal monitor (RPM) system using an improved genetic algorithm. Materials and Methods: To calculate of detector positions for a source localizing RPM system optimization problem is defined. To solve the problem, a modified iterative genetic algorithm (MIGA) is developed. In general, a genetic algorithm (GA) finds a globally optimal solution with a high probability, but it is not perfect at all times. To increase the probability to find globally optimal solution rather, a MIGA is designed by supplementing the iteration, competition, and verification with GA. For an optimization problem that is defined to find detector positions that maximizes differences of detector signals, a localization method is derived by modifying the inverse radiation transport model, and realistic parameter information is suggested. Results and Discussion: To compare the MIGA and GA, both algorithms are implemented in a MATLAB environment. The performance of the GA and MIGA and that of the procedures supplemented in the MIGA are analyzed by computer simulations. The results show that the iteration, competition, and verification procedures help to search for globally optimal solutions. Further, the MIGA is more robust against falling into local minima and finds a more reliably optimal result than the GA. Conclusion: The positions of the detectors on an RPM for radioactive source localization are optimized using the MIGA. To increase the contrast of the measurements from each detector, a relationship between the source and the detectors is derived by modifying the inverse transport model. Realistic parameters are utilized for accurate simulations. Furthermore, the MIGA is developed to achieve a reliable solution. By utilizing results of this study, an RPM for radioactive source localization has been designed and will be fabricated soon.

• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.157-165
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• 2017

In this paper, we calculate the light photons collection efficiency of large-volume plastic scintillation detector mainly used for radiation portal monitor (RPM). A Monte Carlo light photon transport code, DETECT2000, were used to quantitatively evaluate light collection efficiency of plastic scintillation detector. DETECT2000 calculated the placement of light collection efficiency based on the energy spectrum. We calculated the light collection efficiency relative to the position of the energy spectrum that proportional to the placement of the source. The $850{\times}285{\times}65mm^3$ size of polyvinyl toluene (PVT) scintillator was used for measurements. Through DETECT2000 simulation, the light collection efficiency of $5{\times}5$ arrays were calculated and verification was performed by comparing with experimentally measured. And then, the corrected MCNP simulation by applying the light collection efficiency in $21{\times}13$ arrays was compared and analyzed. Comparing the Monte Carlo simulation with measured results, it shows an average difference of 10.1% in $5{\times}5$ arrays. Particularly, about twice of the difference was found in the edge of first column, which coupled with PMT. In whole $5{\times}5$ array, the overall ratio was the same except for the first column. And then comparing the energy spectra of the $21{\times}13$ array with and without the light collection efficiency, it shows a difference of 6.69% in Compton edge area. The DETECT2000 based light collection efficiency simulation showed well agreement with the point source experiment. And comparing with measured energy spectra, we could compare the differences according to whether or not the light collection efficiency was applied. As a results, it is possible to increase the accuracy and reliability of Monte Carlo simulation results by pre-calculating the light collection efficiency according to the PVT geometry by using the DETECT2000.

• 센서학회지
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.11-20
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• 1996

본 연구에서는 가속기에서 발생하는 치료방사선을 방사선원으로 사용하여 다이오드 치료방사선 검출센서의 특성을 조사하였다. 방사선량에 따른 선형성, 재현성, 오차율, 에너지의존성, 방사선조사후의 감도변화량, 다이오드의 숫자에 따른 출력값 측정 및 Portal 영상을 위한 가능성 검사를 위해서 핵계측기를 이용한 펄스 성형(成形)을 시도하였다. 제작된 시스템의 효율성을 검증하기 위하여 구성된 다이오드 센서로 조사야(照射野)별 심부량(深部量)를 백분율을 기존의 측정장치인 기체 전리함을 이용한 값과 상호 비교하여 보았다. 또한 다이오드의 선량측정회로를 다채널로 구성하여 A/D 변환후 컴퓨터 상에서 치료영역의 범위를 읽을 수 있었다. 모형인체(模型人體)를 치료대 위에 놓고 읽은 출력값과 모형인체(模型人體)없이 직접 읽은 출력값을 비교하여 Portal 영상을 위한 가능성을 제시하여 보았다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.116-121
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• 2021

Purpose: To investigate the effects of dose rate on intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) quality assurance (QA). Methods: We performed gamma tests using portal dose image prediction and log files of a multileaf collimator. Thirty treatment plans were randomly selected for the IMRT QA plan, and three verification plans for each treatment plan were generated with different dose rates (200, 400, and 600 monitor units [MU]/min). These verification plans were delivered to an electronic portal imager attached to a Varian medical linear accelerator, which recorded and compared with the planned dose. Root-mean-square (RMS) error values of the log files were also compared. Results: With an increase in dose rate, the 2%/2-mm gamma passing rate decreased from 90.9% to 85.5%, indicating that a higher dose rate was associated with lower radiation delivery accuracy. Accordingly, the average RMS error value increased from 0.0170 to 0.0381 cm as dose rate increased. In contrast, the radiation delivery time reduced from 3.83 to 1.49 minutes as the dose rate increased from 200 to 600 MU/min. Conclusions: Our results indicated that radiation delivery accuracy was lower at higher dose rates; however, the accuracy was still clinically acceptable at dose rates of up to 600 MU/min.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권10호
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• pp.3907-3912
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• 2023

Radiation portal monitors (RPMs) installed at airports and harbors to prevent illicit trafficking of radioactive materials generally use large plastic scintillators. However, their energy resolution is poor and radionuclide identification is nearly unfeasible. In this study, to improve isotope identification, a RPM system based on a multi-array plastic scintillator and convolutional neural network (CNN) was evaluated by measuring the spectra of radioactive sources. A multi-array plastic scintillator comprising an assembly of 14 hexagonal scintillators was fabricated within an area of 50 × 100 cm². The energy spectra of ¹³⁷Cs, ⁶⁰Co, ²²⁶Ra, and ⁴K (KCl) were measured at speeds of 10-30 km/h, respectively, and an energy-weighted algorithm was applied. For the CNN, 700 and 300 spectral images were used as training and testing images, respectively. Compared to the conventional plastic scintillator, the multi-arrayed detector showed a high collection probability of the optical photons generated inside. A Compton maximum peak was observed for four moving radiation sources, and the CNN-based classification results showed that at least 70% was discriminated. Under the speed condition, the spectral fluctuations were higher than those under dwelling condition. However, the machine learning results demonstrated that a considerably high level of nuclide discrimination was possible under source movement conditions.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.140-145
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• 2006

E-science refers to the large-scale science that will increasingly be carried out through distributed global collaborations enabled by the Internet. The Grid is a service-oriented architecture proposed to provide access to very large data collections, very large scale computing resources and remote facilities. Web services, which are server applications, enable online access to service providers. Web portal interfaces can further hide the complexity of accessing facility's services. The main use of synchrotron radiation (SR) facilities by protein crystallographers is to collect the best possible diffraction data for reasonably well defined problems. Significant effort is therefore being made throughout the world to automate SR protein crystallography facilities so scientists can achieve high throughput, even if they are not expert in all the techniques. By applying the above technologies, the e-HTPX project, a distributed computing infrastructure, was designed to help scientists remotely plan, initiate and monitor experiments for protein crystallographic structure determination. A description of both the hardware and control software is given together in this paper.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2019

Background: The mid-term performance of clinical linear accelerator (LINAC) during volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatment period is not performed in clinical practice and usually replaced with one-time plan quality assurance (QA). In this research we aim to monitor daily reproducibility of VMAT delivery from tracking individual leaf movement error and dosimetric error to evaluate the mid-term quality of the machine used. Materials and Methods: First, multileaf collimator (MLC) information was imported into MATLAB program to determine which of the MLC leaves in the leaf bank had the maximum RMS position error (maxRMS). We estimated where the maximum positional errors (maxPE) of the chosen leaf occur along its path length and tracked its daily variations over the entire treatment period. Secondly, picture information of dosimetric error from portal dosimetry was imported into MATLAB where representative high gamma index region (HGR) was determined as HGR with length of > 1 cm and their centers were daily tracked. Results and Discussion: The maxPEs in the brain and tongue cases were distributed broader than in other cases, but all data were found located within ${\pm}0.5mm$. From first day to last day all of five cases show the similar visual pattern of HGRs and Centers of the longest HGRs remained within ${\pm}1mm$ of that in first day. These findings prove excellent mid-term performance of the LINAC used in VMAT treatments over a full course of treatment. Conclusion: Tracking the daily location changes of leaf movement and dosimetric error can be a good indicator of predicting the daily quality like stability and reproducibility of beam delivering in VMAT treatment.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2021

본 연구의 목적은 방사선 재난에서 효과적인 피폭 환자의 중등도 분류를 위하여 재난의학적 개념과 대표적인 방사선 계측기 (수 계측형 외부오염감시기와 이동형 문형 외부오염감시기) 측정기술의 융합을 통해 의학적 적용의 타당성을 구하는 것이다. 방사선 재난 상황을 위하여 모의환자를 설정하였고 모의 방사선 훈련에 참여한 12명이 12개의 모의선원이 부착된 방호복을 무작위로 입은 후의 두가지 외부오염감시기를 각각 이용하여 모의선원 중 5개의 실제 방사선 선원을 발견하는지 조사 후, 소요된 조사시간과 외부 오염환자 검출에 대한 민감도와 특이도를 구하였다. 1차 훈련에서 수 계측형 외부오염감시기로 걸린 평균 시간은 231.9 ± 116.6 초, 이동식 문형 외부오염감시기로 걸린 시간은 8.690 ± 1.667 초로 유의하게 측정한 시간이 짧았고 두 방법의 오염 검출의 민감도와 특이도는 100%로 차이가 없었다. 이동형 문형 외부오염감시기가 방사선 재난에서 의학적 적용의 타당성을 가지며 중요한 역할을 할 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2011

목 적: 구강암 환자의 방사선 치료시 기존 강내 충전물인 Mouth piece, Putty 인상제와 자체 제작한 Paraffin Wax를 비교하여 그 유용성을 알아보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 재료별 충전물을 $10{\times}10{\times}1cm$의 크기로 제작하여 물(물 등가 팬텀)을 기준으로 선량 감쇠율을 측정하였으며, 구강암 환자 중 충전물별 각 2명씩을 대상으로 Aria system의 offline review 프로그램으로 DRR (Digitally Reconstructed Radiograph)과 각 5회 촬영한 Portal vision을 비교하여 고정기구로서의 재현성을 확인하였다. 원통형 팬텀(phantom)을 제작하여 치료 계획시 불가피 하게 충전물이 조사야 내에 포함되는 경우의 흡수선량 변화에 따른 MU (monitor unit) 차이를 비교하였다. 결 과: 선량감쇠율은 Mouth piece (Air) 6 MV +3.5%, 10 MV -0.7%, Paraffin 6 MV +0.34%, 10 MV +0.31%, Putty 6 MV -2.31%, 10 MV -1.76%로 측정되었다. 자세 재현성은 Mouth piece ${\pm}3mm$, Paraffin ${\pm}2mm$, Putty ${\pm}2mm$의 오차를 나타내었다. $5{\times}4{\times}2.5cm$ 크기의 충전물이 조사야 내에 포함되는 경우의 흡수선량 변화에 따른 선속의 MU 차이는 6 MV 계산시 Water 232 MU를 기준으로 백분율 환산시 Paraffin -0.9% (230 MU), Putty +7.8% (250 MU)의 증감을 나타내었다. 결 론: 기존 Mouth piece의 경우 상악과 하악을 이격시킴에는 문제가 없으나 구강내 구조물을 반영하지 못해 재현성을 확신하지 못하고 공동과 조직 사이의 계면선량이 감소하는 단점이 있었다. 그에 반해 Putty 인상제는 자세재현성이나 구강을 충전함에 있어 우수함을 알 수 있으나, 물에 비해 두께 1 cm당 약 -2.3%의 선량감쇠가 발생해 선량계획에 있어 불리하고 정상조직에 불필요한 과선량이 조사되었다. Paraffin의 경우 지방과 유사한 조직등가물질로 선량감쇠가 적고, 구강내 구조물을 반영한 맞춤형 제작이 가능해 재현성이 우수하며 강내 공동을 충분히 충전시켜 병변에 목적한 선량을 전달하는데 가장 이상적인 재료라 사료된다.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2015

목 적 : 전립선암의 방사선치료는 치료기법에 따라 주요장기와 정상조직의 선량분포에 차이가 나타난다. 본 연구에서는 전립선암 환자의 수술 후 방사선치료 시 직장풍선을 삽입한 환자에게 회전수를 달리한 용적변조회전치료(volumetric modulated arc therapy, VMAT)계획과 세기변조방사선치료(intensity modulated radiation therapy, IMRT)계획을 각각 수립하여 선량분포 특성을 비교하고 치료의 효율성을 평가하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 본원에서 전립선암 수술 후 방사선 치료를 시행한 10명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 직장풍선을 삽입한 환자의 CT영상을 3 mm 두께로 획득하고 Eclipse (Ver 11.0, Varian, Palo Alto, USA)를 사용하여 HD120MLC가 장착된 Truebeam STx (Varian, Palo Alto, USA)의 10 MV 에너지를 적용하였다. 환자마다 1 Arc, 2 Arc VMAT계획과 7조사면의 IMRT계획을 수립하였으며 각 치료계획의 선량체적제한과 plan normalization 값은 동일하게 적용하였다. 수립된 세 가지 치료계획을 평가하기위해 PTV의 coverage, conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI)를 비교하였고, PTV주변 정상조직의 선량퍼짐정도를 알아보기 위해 50% 등선량체적과 PTV체적의 비($R_{50%}$)를 산출하였다. 결정장기 (organ at risk, OAR)에서는 직장의 $D_{25%}$와 방광의 $D_{mean}$을 비교하였고 치료의 효율성을 평가하기 위해서 총 MU와 조사시간을 측정하였으며, 각 평가항목별 결과는 환자 10명의 평균값으로 비교분석하였다. 추가적으로 선량전달 정확도를 검증하기 위해 EPID를 이용한 portal dosimetry를 진행하였다. 결 과 : 각 치료계획에서 나타난 PTV coverage와 HI의 차이는 크지 않았지만 CI는 1A-VMAT, 2A-VMAT, 7F-IMRT에서 각각 1.036, 1.035, 1.230으로 VMAT에 비해 7F-IMRT가 높았고(p=0.00), $R_{50%}$는 3.083, 3.054, 3.991로 2A-VMAT이 제일 낮았고 7F-IMRT에서 가장 높게 나타났다(p=0.00). 치료계획에 따른 직장의 $D_{25%}$는 VMAT에서 비슷했지만 7F-IMRT가 약 7% 높게 나타났고(p=0.02), 방광의 $D_{mean}$은 큰 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 총 MU는 1A-VMAT, 2A-VMAT, 7F-IMRT에서 각각 494.7, 479.7, 757.9로 7F-IMRT가 가장 많았고(p=0.00), 조사시간은 65.2초, 133.1초, 145.5초로 1A-VMAT이 확연히 짧았다(p=0.00). portal dosimetry 검증에서는 모든 치료계획에서 99.5% 이상의 gamma pass rate(2 mm, 2%)을 보였다(P=0.00). 결 론 : 본 연구결과 직장풍선을 삽입한 전립선암 환자의 수술 후 방사선치료 시, 치료기법에 따른 PTV coverage의 차이는 크지 않았지만 1A, 2A-VMAT이 7F-IMRT에 비해 정상조직과 직장선량을 낮추는데 효과적이었다. VMAT중에서는 $R_{50%}$와 MU가 2A-VMAT에서 다소 낮았지만 조사시간이 짧은 1A-VMAT이 치료에 더 효율적이며 환자의 치료 중 움직임 또한 줄일 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.