• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.115-120
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• 1990

Extracellular nuclease(s) in buffalo rumen fluid were purified from strained rumen fluid by a procedure involving Seitz filtration, acetone fractionation and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The enzyme resolved into two peaks exhibiting both DNase and RNase activities. The molecular weight of enzyme corresponding to peaks I and II were approximately 30,000 and 12,000 respectively. The properties of enzymes from the two peaks, however, were same. Optimum temperature for both DNase and RNase activities was at $50^{\circ}C$. Whereas DNase activity was stable upto $60^{\circ}C$, RNase activity was stable only up to $50^{\circ}C$. DNase activity recorded two pH optima, one at pH 5.5 and the other at pH 7.0. RNase activity recorded a broad pH optimum between pH 6.0-8.0. pH stability of the enzyme coincided with pH optima for both the activities. DNase activity was stimulated by $Mg^{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$ and inhibited by $Fe^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Hg^{2+}$ and $Ag^+$. RNase activity was also stimulated by $Mg^{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$ and inhibited by $Cu^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Hg^{2+}$ and $Ag^+$. Reducing agents stimulated both the activities.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1219-1227
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• 2000

Rumination behavior, in vivo digestibility of cell wall constituents, particle size reduction in the rumen, and retention time in the digestive tract of sheep were examined using rice and oat straw as roughage sources. The in sacco digestibility, rumen fermentation, and microbial population and internal adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) content were also determined under feeding conditions of high-roughage and high-concentrate diets. Chewing number and time in rumination behavior were higher with rice straw than with oat straw, while the in sacco and in vivo DMD of rice straw were consistently lower than those of oat straw. Rice straw also showed higher frequency of thinner and longer particles in the rumen contents and lower retention time in the whole digestive tract as compared to those of oat straw. Rice straw was more effective to maintain the ruminal pH than oat straw, being reflected in higher internal ATP content of large-type protozoa on the high- concentrate diet. Changes in the ruminal microflora by shifting from the low- to the high- concentrate diet were also different between rice and oat straw.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.333-340
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• 2018

This study aimed to estimate the effect of inoculant application level on chemical composition and bacterial count of fermented chestnut meal (FCM), and its rumen fermentation characteristics. The inoculant contained Lactobacillus acidophilus ($1.2{\times}10^{10}cfu/g$), Bacillus subtilis ($2.1{\times}10^{10}cfu/g$), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ($2.3{\times}10^{10}cfu/g$). The chestnut meal mixed with molasses, double distilled water, and inoculant at 1 kg, 3 g, 480 mL, and 20 mL ratio for the basal chestnut meal diet. The double distilled water from basal chestnut meal diet was substituted with bacterial inoculant at a level of 0 (Control), 20 (Medium), and 40 mL (High) in the experimental diets. The mixed experimental diets were incubated at $39^{\circ}C$ for 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively. On 7 days of FCM incubation, the contents of crude protein (CP) (quadratic, P=0.043) and neutral detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.071) decreased by increases of inoculant application levels, whereas bacterial count (quadratic, P=0.065) and rumen $NH_3-N$ (linear, P=0.063) increased. By increases of inoculant application levels on 14 days of FCM incubation, the increases were found on dry matter (DM) (quadratic, P=0.085), CP (quadratic, P=0.059), acid detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.056), in vitro DM digestibility (linear, P=0.002), rumen total volatile fatty acid (VFA) (linear, P=0.057), and rumen iso-butyrate (linear, P=0.054). However, the decreases were found on bacterial count (linear, P=0.002), propionate (linear, P=0.099), and butyrate (quadratic, P=0.082). On 21 days of FCM incubation, in vitro DM digestibility (linear, P=0.002) and total VFA (linear, P=0.001) increased by increases of inoculant application levels, whereas the contents of CP (quadratic, P=0.034) and neutral detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.047) decreased. These results indicate that the FCM with a medium level of inoculant application and 14 of fermentation had beneficial effects by increasing DM digestibility and rumen total VFA content, without altering bacterial count.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.651-659
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• 2017

This study aimed to estimate the effects of replacing Mushroom By-Product (MBP) with Tofu By-Product (TBP) on the chemical composition, microbes, and rumen fermentation indices of Fermented Diets (FDs). The basal diet was formulated using MBP, TBP, rice bran, molasses, and inoculants. The MBP in the basal diet was replaced with TBP at 0, 5, and 10% on Dry Matter (DM) basis for the experimental diets. The experimental diets were fermented at $39^{\circ}C$ for 144 h. Chemical composition, pH, microbes, and rumen fermentation indices of the FDs were analyzed. With increasing TBP replacement, crude protein content of FDs increased (L, P < 0.001), whereas crude ash content decreased (L, P = 0.002). Lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus subtilis contents in the TBP-replaced FDs were higher than those in the control (P < 0.05), whereas pH level and mold count were lower (P < 0.05). With increasing TBP replacement, in vitro rumen digestibility of DM (L, P = 0.053) and neutral detergent fiber (L, P = 0.024) increased, wheres rumen pH changed (P = 0.026) quadratically. Rumen total volatile fatty acid (L, P = 0.001) and iso-butyrate contents (Q, P = 0.003) increased with increasing TBP replacement. In conclusion, this study indicates that the replacement of MBP with TBP could improve the quality of FD.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.461-473
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• 2017

Total mixed ration (TMR) including concentrate diet and roughage together have been used for the ruminant animal. Relatively high concentrations of moisture and water soluble carbohydrate are representative feature of TMR. Those moisture and water can also provide a niche for bacterial growth. Therefore, a possible fermentation of TMR induced by micro-organism is generally accepted. The present study hypothesized that different lactic acid bacteria could alter fermentation of TMR and subsequently rumen fermentation. Three lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus paracasei (A), L. plantarum (B) and L. parabuchneri (C), were employed and 7 treatments under full factorial design were compared with control without inoculation. TMR for dairy cow was used. Significant alterations by treatments were detected at lactic acid and butyric acid contents in TMR (p<0.05). Treatment AC (mixture of A and C) and BC (mixture of B and C) showed great lactate production. Great butyrate production was found at treatment C. At in vitro rumen fermentation, treatments B, C and AB (mixture of A and B) showed significantly great total gas production (p<0.05). All treatments except treatments B and AB, showed less dry matter digestibility, significantly (p<0.05). Total volatile fatty acid production at treatment AC was significantly greater than others (p<0.05). In individual volatile fatty acid production, treatment AB and AC showed great acetate and propionate productions, significantly (p<0.05). This study investigated correlation between organic acid production in TMR and rumen volatile fatty acid production. And it was found that butyric acid in TMR had significant negative correlation with acetate, propionate, total volatile fatty acid, AP ratio and dry matter digestibility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.39-43
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• 2003

Dietary fatty acid including mainly palmitic acid and stearic acid was fed to fattening cattle and its effect on body weight gain, plasma lipid contents and rumen liquid fermentation in vitro was examined. In expt. 1, the effect of dietary fatty acid on body weight gain and plasma lipid concentrations was examined. In the control diet group, cattle were fed 1 kg/day of rice straw and concentrate which satisfied the requirement. In the fatty acid group, cattle were given 250 g/d of fatty acid with the same diet of the control diet group. In the excess concentrate group, cattle were given the same diet of the control diet group plus 735 g/d of concentrate corresponding to the same TDN of 250 g/d of fatty acid. Diets were given for 7 days. Body weight gain of cattle given dietary fatty acid was significantly greater than that of cattle fed only rice straw and concentrate. When dietary fatty acid was added to cattle feed, plasma NEFA and HDL-cholesterol concentrations increased. In expt. 2, the influence of dietary fatty acid on gas production and VFA profile in the rumen liquid was investigated in vitro. In the control group, 10 mg of rice straw and 90 mg of concentrate were incubated in the rumen fluid. In the excess concentrate group, 10 mg of rice straw and 97.5 mg of concentrate were incubated. In the fatty acid group, 10 mg of rice straw, 90 mg of concentrate and 2.5 mg of fatty acids were incubated. The rumen liquid mixed with feed materials was incubated for 24 h and the cumulative gas volume was measured. The VFA profile was also measured. Cumulative gas volume in the rumen liquid with fatty acid was equal to the control. Excess concentrate increased cumulative gas volume compared to the fatty acid group. There was no significant difference in total VFA concentration between experimental diet groups. It is suggested that dietary fatty acid has the potency to improve growth performance in fattening cattle without failure in rumen fermentation.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.147-150
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• 1986

한국재래산양(韓國在來山羊)의 생리적(生理的) 기초자료(基礎資料)를 확립(確立)하여 실제(實際) 임상(臨床)에 응용(應用)하고자 건강한 한국재래산양(韓國在來山羊) 14두(頭)를 대상으로 혈청(血淸)및 제일위액(第一胃液) 전해질(電解質)과 더불어 제일위액(第一胃液)의 pH 및 섬모충총수(纖毛蟲總數)에 대하여 조사(調査)하였던 바 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 혈청전해질직(血淸電解質直)에 있어서 $Na^+$는 $151.9{\pm}4.5$(145~160)mEq/l였고, $K^+$는 $8.1{\pm}1.5$(5.3~10.0)mEq/1였으며, $Cl^-$는 $104.6{\pm}4.6$(99~112)mEq/1였다. 2. 제일위액(第一胃液) 전해질직(電解質直)는 $Na^+$, $K^+$ 및 $Cl^-$이 각각(各各) $104.6{\pm}15.8$(70~131)mEq/l, $38.2{\pm}9.9$(18~58)mEq/l 및 $14.1{\pm}4.3$(8~24)mEq/l였다. 3. 제일위액(第一胃液)의 pH는 $5.6{\pm}0.3$(5.3~6.5)였으며, 섬모충총수(纖毛蟲總數)는 $2.59{\pm}0.8(0.64{\sim}3.29){\times}10^6/ml$였다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.1029-1037
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate effects of antifungal substance and carboxylesterase-producing inoculant on fermentation indices and rumen degradation kinetics of whole crop rice (WCR) silage ensiled at different dry matter (DM) contents. Methods: Dual-purpose inoculants, Lactobacillus brevis 5M2 and Lactobacillus buchneri 6M1, confirmed both activities of antifungal and carboxylesterase in the previous study. The WCR at mature stage was chopped, and then wilted to obtain three different DM contents consisting of 35.4%, 43.6%, and 51.5%. All WCR forages were applied distilled water (CON) or mixed inoculants with 1:1 ratio at 1×105 colony forming unit/g (INO), and ensiled into 20 L mini silo (5 kg) in quadruplicates for 108 d. Results: The INO silages had lower lactate (p<0.001) and butyrate (p = 0.022) with higher acetate (p<0.001) and propionate (p<0.001) than those of CON silages. Ammonia-N (p<0.001), lactate (tendency; p = 0.068), acetate (p = 0.030), and butyrate (p<0.001) concentrations of INO silages decreased linearly with increasing DM content of WCR forage. The INO silages presented higher lactic acid bacteria (p<0.001) with lower molds (p<0.001) than those of CON silages. Yeasts (p = 0.042) and molds (p = 0.046) of WCR silages decreased linearly with increasing DM content of WCR forage. In the rumen, INO silages had higher the total degradable fraction (p<0.001), total volatile fatty acid (tendency; p = 0.097), and acetate (p = 0.007), but lower the fractional degradation rate (p = 0.011) and propionate (p<0.001) than those of CON silage. The total degradable fraction (p<0.001), total volatile fatty acid (p = 0.001), iso-butyrate (p = 0.036), and valerate (p = 0.008) decreased linearly with increasing DM content of WCR forage, while the lag phase (p<0.001) was increased linearly. Conclusion: This study concluded that application of dual-purpose inoculants on WCR silage confirmed antifungal and carboxylesterase activities by inhibiting mold and improving rumen digestibility, while increase of wilting times decreased organic acids production and rumen digestibility.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.527-533
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• 2019

The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of three types of Chestnut Meals (CM) on chemical composition and rumen fermentation characteristics of the fermented diet. The inoculants consisted of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis, and Sacaromyces cerevisiae and were applied to three different types of CM; Whole Chestnut (WC), endodermis (EN), and kernel (KE). All types of CMs were ensiled at $39^{\circ}C$ for 0, 1, 2, 4, or 6 days. After ensiling, the fermented CMs were sub-sampled for laboratory assays. On day six of fermentation, counts of the lactic acid-producing Bacillus subtilis, and yeast were higher (P<0.05) in WC than in the other CM types. On day four, KE had higher (P<0.05) crude protein content but lower (P<0.05) neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents than the other treatments. In terms of rumen digestibility, KE had the highest (P<0.05) in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD), total volatile fatty acid (VFA), propionate, butyrate concentrations, and total gas volume, as well as the lowest (P<0.05) acetate concentration. On the other hand, EN had the highest (P<0.05) pH and ammonia-N concentration in the rumen. In the rumen, even though WC application produced the highest microbial count and fermentation characteristics, it did not have a beneficial effect on rumen digestibility. Therefore, this study concluded that application of KE could be recommended due to the observed improvements in IVDMD and IVNDFD.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.99-102
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• 1991

To determine effect of time after feeding on distribution of digesta in the gastro-intestinal tracts of sheep given orchardgrass hay once a day, a total of fifteen ewes (mean live weight $51{\pm}12kg$) were slaughtered at 2, 8, 16 and 24 hours after feeding. Contents in the reticulo-rumen, omasum, abomasums, small intestine, cecum, and colon and rectum were totally collected and weighed. Weights of digesta in the reticulo-rumen were about 6 kg which contributed about 75% of the total in the whole tracts. Digesta on dry-matter basis totaled about 1 kg. The dry-matter concentration of digesta in the whole digestive tract was about 107 h/kg of fresh digesta. Distribution of moisture in the digestive tract changed in parallel with that of fresh digesta. There was no significant correlation observed between time after feeding and weights of digesta in the gastro-intestinal tracts. While, feed intake significantly correlated with digesta in the reticulo-rumen, cecum and whole tracts (p<0.01). Thus, time after feeding was inferred to have no influence upon the content of digesta in the digestive tract, but feed intake influenced on the content of digesta in the digestive tract at a low level of feeding.