• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제13권3_4호
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• pp.105-115
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• 1998

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules due to their unpaired electron. They have been suspected as one of the major tissue damage inducers in biological metabolic systems. Antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase and superoxide dismutase, could not repair all the oxidative damages resulting from those excessive toxic ROS. It is, therefore, urgent to develop effective antioxidants to relieve from the oxidatire damages. In this study antioxidative effects were investigated by using two flavonoids such as quercetin and naringenin and a flavonoid-rich extract, Ginkgo biloba extract in combination with paraquat that is known as a strong generator of oxygen radicals. The results are summeringed as follows: 1. To assess radical scavenging ability reduction concentrations (IC$_{50}$) of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) within 15 minutes were measured. The values of the IC$_{50}$ of quercetin and Ginkgo biloba extract were 15.4 $\mu$M and 13.2$\mu$g/ml, respectively. Their radical removing activities showed concentration-dependent manners. 2. In the hydrogen peroxide assay by using PMS-NADH system, quercetin, naringenin and Ginkgo biloba extract led to removing hydrogen peroxide in concentrationdependent manner whose removing abilities at 100$\mu$M or 100 $\mu$g/ml were 75.6, 25.8 and 26.0%, respectively. 3. In the hydrogen peroxide-induced rat blood hemolysis assay all three compounds led to similar effects whose hemolysis inhibition ratios at 100$\mu$M or 100$\mu$g/ml were 68.0, 5.14 and 55.8%, respectively. 4. In the xanthinee oxidase assay by measuring degree of NADH oxidation in the presence of hypoxanthine and xanthinee oxidase, both quercetin and Ginkgo biloba extract showed excellent activities showing 42.8 and 24.2% inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity at 100$\mu$M or 100$\mu$g/ml concentrations, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.1319-1327
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• 2009

Marine red algae of genus Laurencia are becoming the most important resources to produce unique natural metabolites with wide bioactivities. However, reports related to Laurencia undulata, an edible species used as folk herb, are rarely found to date. In this research, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF) was isolated and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) from Laurencia undulata as well as other marine algae. The following characteristics of 5-HMF were systematically evaluated: its antioxidant activities, such as typical free-radicals scavenging in vitro by electron spin resonance spectrometry (ESR) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging; membrane protein oxidation; oxidative enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibition; as well as expressions of antioxidative enzymes glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) on the gene level using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The results demonstrated that 5-HMF could be developed as a novel marine natural antioxidant or potential precursor for practical applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical fields.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.44-58
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• 2020

Objectives: This study was conducted to identify the protective effects of Chongmyunggongjin-dan (CMGJD) on Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced apoptosis mechanisms in C6 glial cells. Method: We used CMGJD after distilled water extraction, filtration, and lyophilization. The ROS scavenging effect was examined by fluorescence microscopy. Expression levels of proteins related to ROS generation were investigated by western blotting. Functional changes in organelles related to Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were investigated by immunoblotting and by verifying expression level of relevant enzymes. Results: The CMGJD extract protected the cells against H₂O₂-induced morphological changes and DNA fragmentation, inhibited the increase of Heme_oxygenase-1(HO^-1) and the decrease in catalase, protected against the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibited disturbances of lysosomal function, and induced an increase in peroxisomes. Conclusion: CMGJD was confirmed to have a protective effect on H₂O₂-induced C6 glial cell death possibly by blocking the pathways causing damage to subcellular organelles, such as mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. We assume that CMGJD will be effective for the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke in a clinical environment.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.350-356
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• 2008

Etiological studies of diabetes and its complications showed that oxidative stress might play a major role. Therefore, many efforts have been tried to regulate free oxygen radicals for treating diabetes and its complications. Cheonghyul-san has been known to be effective for the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antiobesitic prescription, and composed of four crude herbs. In male ob/ob mouse with severe obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hypergiycemia, hyperlipidemia, the acting mechanisms of Cheonghyul-san were examined. Mice were grouped and treated for 5 weeks as follows. Both the lean (C57/BL6J black mice) and diabetic (ob/ob mice) control groups received standard chow. The experimental groups were fed with a diet of chow supplemented with 7.5, 15 and 30 mg Cheonghyul-san per 1 kg of body weight for 14 days. The effects of Cheonghyul-san extract on the ob/ob mice were observed by measuring the serum levels of glucose, insulin, lipid components, and the kidney levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), MDA+HAE, GSH and also the enzyme activities involved in polyol pathway. Cheonghyul-san lowered the levels of serum glucose and insulin in a dose dependent manner. Total cholesterol, triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were decreased, while the HDL-cholesterol level was increased, in Cheonghyul-san treated groups. Renal aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities were increased in the ob/ob mice, whereas those were inhibited in the Cheonghyul-san-administered groups. Cheonghyul-san inhibited the generation of ROS in the kidney. Finally, MDA+HAE level was increased and the GSH level was decreased in the ob/ob mice, whereas those were improved in the Cheonghyul-san-administered groups. The results suggested that Cheonghyul-san exerted the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities by regulating the activities of polyol pathway enzymes, scavenging ROS, regulating the MDA+HAE and GSH levels in the ob/ob mice.

• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2011

When plants undergo stress, Reactive oxygen species (ROS) which remove bad elements such as mildew and virus is activated in plant body. However, if ROS is excessively increased, plant will be harmed itself by destruction of cell and signal system and phenomenon of lipid peroxidation. In order to identify content of lipid peroxidation and activity of some enzymes scavenging ROS, phenotypical and physiological analysis was performed with two mutant lines, Till-II-877 and Till-II-894, comparing with cv. Dongan (WT). In phenotype analysis, two mutant lines give to well-conditioned growth better than WT in since 5 days after salt treatment. In enzyme activities, there was a modest difference in the content of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) between Till-II-877 and Till-II-894, two mutant lines showed high levels in CAT contents than WT. However, they express low levels in POD contents. In MDA analysis, the content of Till-II-877 was higher than that of WT, but Till-II-894 was lower. This result indicates that two mutants have different mechanism against salt stress.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.210-216
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• 2021

Pollution of agricultural soil by alkaline salts, such as Na₂CO₃, is a critical and long-lasting problem in cultivable land. The aim of the study was to examine the putative role of citric acid (CA) in alleviating Na₂CO₃-stress in alfalfa. In this study, Na₂CO₃ significantly induced leaf chlorosis, inhibited plant growth and photosynthesis related parameters, increased hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and reduced major antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAD, APX) in alfalfa. However, the presence of CA these negative effects of Na₂CO₃-stress largely recovered. Interestingly, expression of antioxidant and ion transporter genes (Fe-SOD, CAT, APX, DHAR and NHX1) involved in Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and oxidative stress tolerance in alfalfa. These findings suggest that CA-mediated Na₂CO₃ stress alleviation is an ecofriendly approach that would be useful to local farmer for alfalfa and other forage crop cultivation in alkaline soils.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.22-30
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• 2022

Haliotis discus hannai called abalone, is the valuable marine mollusks and the by-products of abalone processing are viscera. Brownish abalone male viscera (AMV), which have not been reported as having anti-inflammatory effects, was extracted with acetone and fractionated by different six acetone/hexane ratios (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 100%) using a silica column via in vitro ABTS and DPPH radical and nitric oxide (NO) production assay-guided fractionation. Among the fractions, the acetone/hexane ratio 40%, A40 exhibited the most potent radical scavenging activities and inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production without cytotoxicity. A40 inhibited LPS-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis revealed that A40 down-regulated the activation of NF-κB, MAPK (ERK 1/2, p-38, and JNK), and inflammatory enzymes, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Moreover, this fraction inhibited the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. These results suggested that AMV containing A40 with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidantive effects, is the effective therapeutic and functional material for treating inflammatory disorders.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2010

자외선은 생체 내 활성산소 생성 증가와 내인성 항산화 효소 및 항산화제 감소를 통하여 광노화 과정을 촉진하는 대표적인 외부 환경인자로 알려져 있다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 12종의 다양한 해양소재 추출물(김, 다시마, 모려, 모자반, 미역, 석결명, 청각, 해룡, 해마, 해삼, 파래, 톳)을 이용하여 기본적인 자유라디칼 소거능 실험을 바탕으로, 자외선 B 조사로 인한 세포독성 및 산화적 사멸을 억제하고 세포 내 항산화 기능을 강화시킬 수 있는 천연 항산화 피부보호소재를 발굴하고자 하였다. 해양소재 추출물의 라디칼 소거능을 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DppH) assay로 비교 측정한 결과 미역, 모자반, 다시마, 해마, 석결명 모려, 해룡의 순으로 항산화력을 나타내었다. 이후 in vitro 세포 실험에서 자외선 B를 섬유아세포주인 HS68 세포에 노출시킨 경우 세포 독성이 유발되어 사멸이 진행되었으며 이는 모자반, 석결명, 청각, 해마 열수 추출물을 처리한 경우 현저히 억제되었다. 특히, 자외선 B로 인한 세포손상은 세포 내 활성산소종의 축적으로 인한 것임을 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) 형광염색법으로 확인할 수 있었으며, 활성산소종의 생성은 모자반, 석결명, 청각, 해마 열수 추출물을 처리한 경우 유의적으로 감소되었다. 한편, 이러한 항산화 작용은 대표적인 내인성 항산화 효소인 catalase, superoxide dismutase 및 heme oxygenase-1의 발현 증가로 매개되었다. 이상의 결과는 모자만, 석결명, 정각, 해마 풍의 해양소재가 항산화 작용을 통하여 산화적 스트레스가 매개하는 피부손상과 노화과정을 예방 및 보호하는 새로운 화장품 천연소재로의 활용 가능성을 제시한다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.987-995
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• 2009

440 kDa의 키토산을 아스코르브산 0.05% 용액에 교반시켜 만든 CA 용액에 과메기를 침지한 후 냉풍 제습 건조한 과메기(CAK)와 자연 건조한 과메기(NPK)를 각각 동결 건조하여 식이에 5%씩 첨가한 식이를 5주령의 SD계 흰쥐에 6주간 급여하였을 때 혈청지질함량과 활성산소종(ROS) 관련 효소활성에 미치는 영향을 비교하였다. 체중 증가량, 식이 섭취량, 식이 효율 및 간장, 신장, 심장, 고환 등의 장기 중량 비율에는 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 혈중 중성 지질, 총콜레스테롤 함량에도 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 HDL- 콜레스테롤 함량은 과메기를 급여하지 않은 대조군(NC군), NPK 군 및 CAK군에서 각각 62.00, 48.01 및 71.84 mg/dL로 유의적인 차이를 보였으며, LDL-콜레스테롤 함량은 각각 34.98, 57.49, 35.17 mg/dL로 CAK군이 다른 두 군보다 유의적으로 낮은 수치를 나타내었고, 동맥경화지수도 각각 0.80, 1.49, 0.68으로 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 각 군의 total XOD (xanthine oxidoreductase) 활성은 유의차가 없었으나 XOD O type의 활성은 NPK군에서 NC군보다 높은 활성을 보이는 반면 CAK군은 NC 및 NPK군보다 21~45% 낮았다. 간조직의 SOD(superoxide dismutase) 활성은 CAK군이 NC 및 NPK군에 비하여 유의적으로 높았으나 GST(glutathione S-transferrase)의 활성은 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 한편, 혈청 ALT의 활성은 NC군에 비해 NPK군에서 증가하였으나, CAK군은 NC군의 수준으로 나타났다. 그리고 CAK군은 NC 및 NPK군에 비하여 간조직 내의 GSH(glutathione) 함량은 높은 반면 LPO(lipid peroxide)함량은 낮았다. 이상의 결과 CA처리 냉풍 제습 건조 과메기는 자연 건조 과메기에 비하여 높은 혈중 지질 개선 효과와 더불어 체내 ROS 생성계 효소 활성을 억제함과 동시에 소거계 효소의 활성을 촉진하는 효과가 있어 산업적 활용성이 기대되며, 일반 성분 분석을 통한 자연 건조 과메기와 CA처리 냉풍 제습 건조 과메기의 일반 성분 차이 및 기능성 물질의 연구는 추후 당면 연구과제이다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.138-145
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of fermented sesame sauce (FSeS) against hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced oxidative damage in renal proximal tubule LLC-PK1 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical ($^{\bullet}OH$), and $H_2O_2$ scavenging assay was used to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of FSeS. To investigate the cytoprotective effect of FSeS against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage in LLC-PK1 cells, the cellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and endogenous antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) were measured. RESULTS: The ability of FSeS to scavenge DPPH, $^{\bullet}OH$ and $H_2O_2$ was greater than that of FSS and AHSS. FSeS also significantly inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced ($500{\mu}M$) oxidative damage in the LLC-PK1 cells compared to FSS and AHSS (P < 0.05). Following treatment with $100{\mu}g/mL$ of FSeS and FSS to prevent $H_2O_2$-induced oxidation, cell viability increased from 56.7% (control) to 83.7% and 75.6%, respectively. However, AHSS was not able to reduce $H_2O_2$-induced cell damage (viability of the AHSS-treated cells was 54.6%). FSeS more effectively suppressed $H_2O_2$-induced ROS generation and lipid peroxidation compared to FSS and AHSS (P < 0.05). Compared to the other sauces, FSeS also significantly increased cellular CAT, SOD, and GSH-px activities and mRNA expression (P < 0.05). CONCULUSIONS: These results from the present study suggest that FSeS is an effective radical scavenger and protects against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage in LLC-PK1 cells by reducing ROS levels, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and stimulating antioxidant enzyme activity.