• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2020

Arthrospira platensis is the oldest marine microalgae on the planet, is said to contain most of the nutrients needed by the human body. It's components are reported to contain a large amount of various substances such as phycocyanin, chlorophyll and β-carotene, and are known to have an aging and whitening effect. In this study, UVB-induced reactive oxygen species reduction efficacy and antioxidant activity of spirulina purified water extract were investigated. effect was confirmed by measuring DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP reducing power and ABTS⁺ radical scavenging activity of 0.05, 0.10, 0.50 1.0 mg/mL of spirulina purified water extract. The coagulation rate, hatching rate and heart rate toxicity were measured by treating spirulina purified water extract with 0.05, 0.10, 0.50 mg/mL concentration using Zebrafish, an alternative experimental animal model. UVB-induced ROS measurement was treated with spirulina extract at 0.05, 0.10, 0.50 mg/mL concentration, and then stained with DCFH-DA to confirm the inhibitory effect of ROS. As a result of measuring antioxidant effect, DPPH, FRAP and ABTS⁺ showed concentration-dependent antioxidant effects in comparison with ascorbic acid. and measuring the coagulation rate, hatching rate, and heart rate using Zebrafish, an alternative experimental animal, it was confirmed that there was no toxicity in 0.05 and 0.10 mg/mL except 0.5 mg/mL compared to the control group. The ROS scavenging activity of UVB-induced zebrafish showed higher ROS reduction than the positive control. The results of this study suggest that spirulina and purified water extracts are valuable for UV and skin protection cosmetics.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.216-223
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• 2010

Abalone (Haliotis discus hannai), mostly distributed and maricultured in southwestern coastal areas of South Korea, is recognized as an economically important species in the fishery industry. Abalone intestines are one of the by-products of abalone processing. To investigate abalone intestines as bioactive substances, abalone intestine gastrointestinal digests (AIGIDs) of various molecular weights (MWs) were prepared using in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and an ultrafiltration system, and tested for inhibitory effects against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress in macrophage cells treated with hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$). In our results, among AIGIDs, AIGID-III (MW=5-10 kDa) showed potent inhibitory activities for lipid peroxidation and free radicals. Additionally, the results clearly indicated that AIGID-III treatment could prevent cytotoxic damage of macrophages by $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress due to its potent scavenging ability against cellular ROS. These results suggest that AIGIDs may have protective and therapeutic potential for oxidative stress syndromes and immune diseases through ROS inhibition in macrophage cells.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 2021

Camellia sinensis, Green tea, contains phenolic compounds that act to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as catechin, epicatechin, etc. In contrast with the tea leaf, the bioactivity of its fruit and the fruit peels remains still unclear. This study focused on the effects of fruit and fruit peels of C. sinensis (FC and PC) against oxidative DNA damage in NIH/3T3 cells. The scavenging effects of FC and PC on ROS were assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl or 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radicals. The measurement of ROS in cellular levels was conducted by DCFDA reagent and the protein expression of γ-H2AX, H2AX, cleaved caspase-3, p53, and, p-p53 was analyzed by immunoblotting. The gene expressions of p53 and H2AX were assessed using polymerase chain reaction techniques. The major metabolites of FC and PC were quantitatively measured analyzed and the amounts of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in PC were greater than those in FC. Further, PC suppressed ROS production, which protects the oxidative stress-induced DNA damage through reducing H2AX, p53, and caspase-3 phosphorylation. These results refer that the protective effects of FC and PC are mediated by inhibition of p53 signaling pathways, probably via the bioactivity of phenolic compounds. Thus, FC and PC can serve as a potential antioxidant in DNA damage-associated diseases.

• Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology : HEB
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.919-927
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• 2018

To compare the antioxidant properties and flavonols in various parts; dry skin (DS) and edible portion (EP), of 8 red onions (Allium cepa L, ROs), total content of phenolics (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), and anthocyanins (TAC) and DPPH radical scavenging properties were estimated and the content of six flavonols were quantified by HPLC-PDA analysis. The major component of DS and EP of RO was quercetin and quercetin-4'-glucoside, respectively. Score plots of the PCA and PLS-DA were segregated by flavonols content and antioxidant properties according to the EP and DS of ROs. Loading plot of the PCA showed that the quercetin and sum of flavonol content were highly correlated with antioxidant activity of ROs. Therefore, flavonol content and antioxidant activity can be used as markers for distinct parts of ROs.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.605-612
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• 2010

The dietary effects of chicken treated with Hwangki-Beni Koji sauce (HBS) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating and scavenging related enzyme activities in rats fed with a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet were investigated. The rats (five rats per group) were divided into a normal control diet group (NC), a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet control group (HFC), HFC plus base sauce-treated chicken supplemented diet group (HFC-BS), and a HFC plus HBStreated chicken supplemented diet group (HFC-HBS), and fed for 5 weeks. Total type T (T) and type O (O) hepatic xanthine oxidoreductase in HFC-HBS were 27.91-35.78% and 24.57-31.84% lower than those of HFC and HFC-BS, respectively. In HFC-HBS compared with HFC and HFC-BS, superoxidase dismutase activity was 62.89-64.50% higher, glutathione S-transferase activity was 19.29-25.17% higher, glutathione content was 25.11-53.30% higher, and lipid peroxide content was 20.29-24.19% lower. Therefore, chicken treated with HBS may prevent liver damage by the ROS formed from a high-fat and high -cholesterol diet.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.216-222
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• 2018

Desmodium heterocarpon is one of vines belongs to Fabaceae family, mainly distributed in Asian countries such as Korea and Japan. This study was conducted to explore new nutraceutical resources from the plant kingdom possessing biological activities. To fulfill this purpose, the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of D. heterocarpon ethanol extract (DHEE) were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity assay, nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity assay, and the analysis of related protein expressions by Western blot hybridization. DHEE exhibited potent anti-oxidative activity as confirmed by DPPH radical scavenging capacity against DPPH similar with ascorbic acid, a well-known anti-oxidative agent, used as a positive control. DHEE also effectively suppressed hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced ROS on RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Furthermore, DHEE induced the expression of the anti-oxidative enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and its upstream transcription factor, nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) as a dose dependent manner. DHEE inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide (NO) formation as a consequence of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) down regulation. Taken together, these results suggest that DHEE has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities and thus appears to be useful sources as potential anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. The identification of active compounds that confer biological activities of DHEE might be needed.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.177-183
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• 2013

In this study, the antioxidative activities and component analysis of Broussonetia kazinoki SIEB (B. kazinoki). extracts were investigated. B. kazinoki extract showed the effective free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}=8.53{\mu}g/mL$). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity ($OSC_{50}$) of the ethyl acetate fraction of B. kazinoki. extracts in the luminol-dependent $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system was $1.69{\mu}g/mL$. The ethyl acetate fraction of B. kazinoki. extracts also exhibited more prominent cellular protective effects (${\tau}_{50}$, 183.3 min at $10{\mu}g/mL$) than that of typical antioxidant $\alpha$-tocopherol (${\tau}_{50}$ = 38.00 min) in the $^1O_2$-induced photohemolysis of human erythrocytes. Components of the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from B. kazinoki extracts were analyzed by TLC, HPLC chromatogram, LC/ESI-MS/MS and $^1H$-NMR. Consequently, Components, components were identified as the kazinol J of kazinol series and luteolin (2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-chromenone) of flavonoid series having antioxidant activities. These results indicate that extract/ fraction of B. kazinoki can be used as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skins exposed to UV radiation by quenching and/or scavenging $^1O_2$ and other ROS, and protecting cellular membranes against ROS. Thus, the extract/fraction of B. kazinoki could be applicable to new cosmeceuticals.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.693-699
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• 2011

Spermidine is a ubiquitous polycation that is synthesized from putrescine, which serves as a precursor of spermine. In recent years, spermidine was found to be a polyamine that plays an important role in longevity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radical, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide have been shown to be involved in various pathogenic processes as well as aging. The direct scavenging effect of spermidine on DPPH radical, $H_2O_2$ and hydroxyl radical, and its protective effect against DNA oxidation related to oxidative stress were evaluated in vitro. It was observed that spermidine exhibits scavenging activities on DPPH radical and H2O2 above 500 ${\mu}M$. Spermidine was especially effective in exerting a scavenging activity on hydroxyl radical. In addition, spermidine at 1000 ${\mu}M$ showed a clear protective effect against DNA oxidation. Furthermore, the expression level of anti-oxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase in humam dermal fibroblasts increased in the presence of spermidine compared with blank group. These results suggest that spermidine can be used as an antioxidant to prevent ROS-related diseases including inflammation, cancer and aging.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.366-371
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• 2006

In this study, we investigated the antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of red algae Gloiopeltis tenax (GT). GT was extracted with methanol and then further fractionated it into four different types: methanol (GTMM), hexane (GTMH), butanol (GTMB) and aqueous (GTMA) soluble fractions. The antioxidant activity of the fractions from GT was investigated by measuring the scavenging activities of GT against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Among the four fractions of GT, GTMM and GTMB showed a marked scavenging effect against ROS, but they displayed very low levels of the scavenging effect against RNS. The antimicrobial activity was increased in proportion to its concentration by the paper disc method. Among the various solvent layers, the GTMM and GTMB showed strong antimicrobial activities.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.441-447
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• 2011

The study aim is to investigate the free radicals scavenging and spermatogenic potentials, as well as to analyze any reproductive toxicity of ethanolic extract of Mucuna prureins (M. pruriens) Linn. in spermatozoa, under different dosages in normal male rat. Normal rats were randomly selected and suspension of the extract was administered orally at the dosages of 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg body weight of the different groups of male rats (n=6) once in a day for 60 days and grouped as group II, III and IV respectively. Saline treated rats served as control -group I. On the $60^{th}$ day the animals were sacrificed and the epididymal sperm were subjected to various analyses like level of ROS production, LPO, enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidant, morphology, morphometry, chromosomal integrity and DNA damage. Results showed significant reduction in ROS production and peroxidation and significant increase in both enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in all concentration treated groups when compared with control. Results from all the drug treated groups showed good sperm morphology, increased sperm count and motility. There was no DNA damage and showed normal chromosomal integrity even in 250 mg/kg dose. When compared with control all the three extract treated groups showed increased ROS scavenging activity. However, group II (200 mg/kg) showed significant changes in all the parameters. From the present study it was confirmed that the M. pruriens has potential to improve the sperm qualitatively and quantitatively through scavenging the excess ROS with any adverse side effects. These observations suggest that ethanolic seed extract of M. pruriens may serve as anti-oxidant that can exploit to treat the oxidative stress mediated male factor infertility.