• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.51-63
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• 2009

Objectives: Peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$), superoxide anion radical (${\cdot}{O_2}^-$ and nitric oxide (NO) are cytotoxic because they can oxidize several cellular components such as proteins, lipids and DNA. They have been implicated in the aging processes, and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, diabetes, obesity and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the $ONOO^-$, NO, ${\cdot}{O_2}^-$ scavenging and NF-${\kappa}B$ related anti-inflammatory activities of Sotosaja-hwan in ob/ob mice. Methods: Mice were grouped and treated for 5 weeks as follows. Both the normal lean (C57/BL6J black mice) and control obese (ob/ob mice) groups have received standard chow. The experimental groups were fed with a diet of chow supplemented with 30 and 90 mg Sotosaja-hwan per 1 kg of body weight for 14 days. For this study, the fluorescent probes, namely 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA), 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2) and dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) were used. Western blotting was performed using anti-phospho-$I{\kappa}B$-${\alpha}$, anti-IKK-${\alpha}$, anti-NF-${\kappa}B$ (p50, p65), anti-COX-2, anti-iNOS, anti-YCAM-1 and anti-MMP-9 antibodies, respectively. Results: Sotosaja-hwan inhibited the generation of $ONOO^-$, NO and ${\cdot}{O_2}^-$ in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mouse kidney postmitochondrial fraction in vitro. The generation of $ONOO^-$, NO, ${\cdot}{O_2}^-$ and PGE2 were inhibited in the Sotosaja-hwan-administered ob/ob mice groups. The GSH/GSSG ratio was decreased in the ob/ob mice, whereas the ratio was improved in the Sotosaja-hwan-administered groups. Sotosaja-hwan inhibited the protein expression levels of phospho-$I{\kappa}B$-${\alpha}$, IKK-${\alpha}$, NF-${\kappa}B$ (p50, p65), COX-2, iNOS, YCAM-1 and MMP-9 genes. Conclusions: These results suggest that Sotosaja-hwan is an effective $ONOO^-$, ${\cdot}{O_2}^-$ and NO scavenger and has NF-kB related anti-inflammatory activity in ob/ob mice. Therefore, Sotosaja-hwan might be a potential therapeutic drug against the inflammation process and inflammation-related diseases.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.165-170
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• 2007

Pyungwi-san(PWS) have been using as a basic prescription of digestive disorder in Korean traditional medicine. This study was performed to examine the in vitro antioxidant activity of the extract using different antioxidant tests including by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, metal chelating hydrogen peroxide scavenging, lipid peroxydation protective effect and scavenging effect of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Herbal-acupuncture solution of PWS(PWS-HS) exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of DPPH radical adduct formation and it showed dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity onto superoxide anions. In addition, the result of metal chelating hydrogen peroxide scavenging and ammonium thiocyanate experiments showed that PWS-HS was an active scavenger of hydroxyl radicals. Furthermore, it was also found to be effective in scavenging nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, well-known cytotoxic species that can oxidize several cellular components such as proteins, lipids and DNA.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.206-206
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• 2016

플라즈마(plasma)란 전자와 이온이 분리된 제 4의 물질 상태이다. 이 연구의 핵심인 플라즈마 제트(plasma jet)로 재생과 출아를 하는 히드라(Hydra)를 처리하여 플라즈마가 히드라의 출아 정도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해 연구를 진행하였다. 히드라는 자포동물문 히드로충강 히드로충목 히드라과 히드라속에 속하며 무척추동물이다. 몸의 길이는 약 5-15mm정도이며 촉수가 6-8개가 있다. 먹이 섭취는 촉수로 먹이를 마비시켜 입을 통해 먹는다. 히드라는 못이나 늪 등의 풀잎이나 물속에 떨어진 낙엽과 썩은 나뭇가지에 붙어 산다. 특히 히드라는 영양 상태의 좋고 나쁨에 따라 무성생식을 하거나 유성생식을 한다. 또한 약 1/200의 아주 작은 단위에서도 재생을 하는 특성을 가지고 있다. 이러한 히드라에 플라즈마 처리를 함으로써 플라즈마가 히드라의 출아 특성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해 연구를 수행하였다. 실험에서 사용한 플라즈마 소스는 대기압 플라즈마 제트(Atmospheric pressure plasma jet)이며 Ar(아르곤) 가스를 이용하여 플라즈마를 발생시켰다. 플라즈마가 발생되면 생체용액과 반응을 하면서 ROS(reactive oxygen species)와 RNS(reactive nitrogen species)가 생성되는데 이 활성 종들이 플라즈마의 주요한 특성이라고 할 수 있다. ROS와 RNS에 의해서 세포가 사멸을 하거나 활성화되기도 한다. 또한, ROS와 RNS가 생체 시스템에 영향을 주는 것은 매우 잘 알려져 있다. 이 점을 이용하여 히드라를 1분, 5분, 10분 동안 플라즈마 처리하여 히드라의 출아 특성을 관찰하였다. 관찰한 결과 1분 처리한 히드라 Group과 5분 처리한 히드라 Group이 가장 개체 수 변화가 뛰어났고 10분 처리한 히드라Group은 오히려 개체 수가 감소하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.195.2-195.2
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• 2016

대기압 플라즈마는 공기중에서 방전이 가능하고, 이때 생성되는 활성산소종(ROS)과 활성질소종(RNS)을 적절히 이용하면 살균은 물론 제독이 가능하다. 특히 신경작용제나 수포작용제 등의 화학물질은 박테리아 포자, 세균, 바이러스 등의 생물작용제에 비해 더 많은 에너지와 시간이 요구된다. 현재 군이나 의료 시설에서는 과산화수소를 이용한 제독이나 염소계 표백제 성분으로 구성된 수용성 제독제를 이용하지만, 플라즈마의 경우는 단순히 기체를 방전하여 제독에 이용할 수 있으므로 보다 제독 시스템을 간단하게 구성할 수 있다. 하지만 대기압 방전시 방전전압을 낮추기 위해 헬륨과 알곤등의 기체를 공급하여 사용할 경우 부가적인 시스템의 규모가 커져 활용에 제한이 따른다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 대기중에 존재하는 질소, 산소 등을 이온화시키기 위해 10-25kHz의 주파수에서 4.5kV의 8us 펄스전원을 인가하여 공기 플라즈마를 얻고, 열에 의한 분해효과를 제거하기 위해 플라즈마의 기체온도를 20도로 유지시켰다. 플라즈마의 특성은 방출광 분석법을 이용하여 떨림온도를 계산하였고, 질소와 오존의 농도를 동시에 관찰하였다. 분해된 화학작용제는 기체분석기(Gas Chromatography)를 통해 표준 오염농도대비 잔류한 양을 측정함으로써 제독효율을 계산하였다.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.309-316
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• 2004

The present investigation was undertaken to find out the anticancer activity of monoterpene compounds. Monoterpenes showed generally the inhibitory effect on the proliferation o f L1210 cancer cells (cytotoxicity). Geraniol was found to exibit the most potent cytotoxic effect on L1210 cells with an IC50 values of $0.67{\mu}g/ml$. On the other hand, geraniol proved to be capable of stimulating the macrophage proliferation (135% of control). When the life prolonging activity of geraniol by daily oral administration of 0.1~10${\mu}g/10{\mu}l/20$ g body weight to Sarcoma 180 bearing ICR mouse was examined, there was also a significant elevation of survival (best result of 134% of control). The contradictory effects of geraniol on the proliferation of L1210 cells and macrophages proved to be accompanied by the coincident alterations of RNS (reactive nitrogen species) related enzymes activities such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (Inos) in macrophages and ROS (reactive oxygen species) related enzymes activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) in L1210 cells, respectively.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.982-990
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• 2015

Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation can cause skin damage with various pathological changes including inflammation. In the present study, we identified the skin-protective activity of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-${\beta}$-D-glucose (pentagalloyl glucose, PGG) in ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced human dermal fibroblasts and mouse skin. PGG exhibited antioxidant activity with regard to intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as well as ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) scavenging. Furthermore, PGG exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-${\kappa}B$) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, resulting in inhibition of the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Topical application of PGG followed by chronic exposure to UVB radiation in the dorsal skin of hairless mice resulted in a significant decrease in the progression of inflammatory skin damages, leading to inhibited activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. The present study demonstrated that PGG protected from skin damage induced by UVB radiation, and thus, may be a potential candidate for the prevention of environmental stimuli-induced inflammatory skin damage.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.88-103
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• 2009

Objectives: There is currently increased interest in the identification of natural antioxidant compounds derived from various plants. Peony Root (PR) is used worldwide for the treatment of many types of cardiovascular disease including atherosclerosis and hypertension. It has been used in Korean traditional medicine for the treatment of glycosuria, hypertension and cancer. However, to date, no studies concerning the antioxidant properties of PR have been conducted. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro scavenging activity, inhibitory effect of LDL oxidation of pro-oxidant reactive species and anti-thrombosis effect in response to treatment with PR using various screening methods including biological and non-biological oxidants. Methods: In this study, the antioxidant activity of extract from PR was studied with in vitro methods by measuring the antioxidant activity by TEAC, measuring the scavenging effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) [superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical] and on reactive nitrogen species (RNS) [nitric oxide and peroxynitrite] as well as measuring the inhibitory effect on $Cu^{2+}$-induced human LDL oxidation and the inhibitory effect on collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Results: The PR extracts were found to have a potent scavenging activity of oxidative stress [DPPH, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, etc.] as well as an inhibitory effect on LDL oxidation and on platelet aggregation. Conclusions: The PR extracts have anti-oxidative and anti-atherosclerotic effects in vitro system, which can be used for developing pharmaceutical drugs against oxidative stress and atherosclerosis.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.268-276
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• 2004

Objective : Peroxynitrite $(ONOO^-)$, formed from the reaction of $O_2^-$ and NO, is a cytotoxic species that can oxidize several cellular components such as proteins, lipids and DNA. It has been implicated in the aging process and age-related disease such as Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate scavenging activities of $ONOO^-$ and its precursors. NO and $O_2^-$ and its scavenging mechanism using fluorescent probes, DCFDA, DAF-2 and DHR 123.. Methods : Psoralea corylifolia was crushed. The crushed Psoralea corylifolia was extracted 3 times, each time with 3 volumes of methyl alcohol at $60^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. The extract was filtered and evaporated under reduced pressured using a rotary evaporator to yield 16g. This was done to investigate scavenging activities of $ONOO^-$, NO, $O_2^-$ and its scavenging mechanism using fluorescent probes, DCFDA, DAF-2 and DHR 123. Results : After Psoralea corylifolia was added authentic $ONOO^-,\;{\cdot}\;O_2^-$ and NO was markedly scavenged. Also, $ONOO^-$ induced by $O_2^-$ and NO (these derived from SIN-1) was inhibited. The data showed a decrease in $ONOO^-$ mediated nitration of tyrosine through electron donation after Psoralea corylifolia was added. Data showed a dose-dependent correlation with inhibition of nitration of bovine serum albumin induced by $ONOO^-$, Furtheremore, LPS-induced ROS and RNS generation was blocked. Conclusions: These results suggest potential for use of Psoralea corylifolia as an effective $ONOO^-$ scavenger to counter the aging process and age-related diseases.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.115-128
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• 2012

Objectives : To evaluate the in vitro scavenging activity, inhibitory effect of LDL oxidation of pro-oxidant reactive species, anti-platelet aggregative effects and anti-thrombosis effects in response to treatment with SA using various screening methods including biological and non-biological oxidants. Methods : The antioxidant activity concerning extract from SA was studied with in vitro methods by measuring the antioxidant activity by TEAC, measuring the scavenging effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) [superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical] and on reactive nitrogen species (RNS) [nitric oxide and peroxynitrite] as well as measuring the inhibitory effect on $Cu^{2+}$-induced human LDL oxidation and the inhibitory effect on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Results : SA extracts were found to have a potent scavenging activity regarding oxidative stress as well as an inhibitory effect towards LDL oxidation, platelet aggregation, and thrombosis. Conclusions : The SA extracts have anti-oxidative and anti-atherosclerotic effects in vitro system, which can be used for developing pharmaceutical drugs against oxidative stress and atherosclerosis.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2003

Objectives : Peroxynitrite($ONOO^-$), formed from the reaction of $O2^-$ and NO, is a cytotoxic species that can oxidize several cellular components such as proteins, lipids and DNA. It has been involved in the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate scavenging activities of $ONOO^-$ and its precursors, NO and $O_{2^-}$ and its scavenging mechanism of Zingiberis Rhizoma (ZR). Methods : To investigate scavenging activities of $ONOO^-,\;NO,\;O_{2^-}$ and its scavenging mechanism, we used fluorescent probes like DCFDA, DAF-2 and DHR 123. The $ONOO^-$ scavenging activity on ZR was assayed by measuring oxidized dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) by fluorometry. The scavenging efficacy was expressed as IC50, showing the concentration of each sample that is required to cause 50% inhibition of DHR 123 oxidation. In a separate study, the protective effect of ZR on $ONOO^-$-induced nitration of bovine serum albumin was investigated through immuno-assay with a monoclonal anti-nitryrosine antibody, and a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse secondary antibody from sheep. Results : ZR markedly scavenged authentic $ONOO^-,\;O_{2^-}$ and NO. It also inhibited $ONOO^-$ induced by $O_{2^-}$ and NO which are derived from SIN-1. The data demonstrated that ZR led to decreased $ONOO^-$ mediated nitration of tyrosine through electron donation. It also inhibited the nitration of bovine serum albumin induced by $ONOO^-$ in a dose-dependent manner. Furtheremore, it blocked LPS-induced ROS and RNS generation. Conclusions : These results suggest that ZR can be developed as an effective $ONOO^-$ scavenger for the prevention of aging process and age-related diseases.