• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.639-648
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• 2013

Metabolic syndrome is the most important risk factors of cardiovascular diseases So, it is judged that Quality of life of persons with metabolic syndrome inevitably deteriorate. For the purpose, the study aims to analyse the number of risk factors, and the relationship between abnormality of each risk factor and Quality of life, targeting adult women aged more than 19. For this study, data from the National Health and Nutrition Behavior Survey in 2007 and 2008 were incorporated and 4,365 subjects were collected for the study. Version 17.0 SPSS was used for data analysis. Statistical significance was defined as p<0.05. As a result of the study, the prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome was 24.2%. According to the number of risk factors of metabolic syndrome the regression coefficient of Quality of life was -0.024 when the number of risk factor was one, -0.048 when there were two risk factors, -0.090 when there were three risk factors, -0.117 when there were four risk factors, and -0.168 when there were five risk factors. The regression coefficient(abnormal/normal)of risk factors of metabolic syndrome were as follows; Waist circumference -0.035, Blood pressure was -0.064, Fasting glucose was -0,026 and HDL cholesterol was -0.012. In conclusion, as it was discovered that risk factors of metabolic syndrome had significant relations with Quality of life, it is suggested that the relations between some significant variables and Quality of life should be actively considered so that adult women can perceive metabolic syndrome properly and endeavor to improve their Quality of life.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.533-542
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the risk of falling associated with postmenopausal women and to identify the relationships between this risk and factors such as lifestyle, metabolic syndrome, and bone mineral density. Methods: The sample was 128 postmenopausal women between 50 and 65 from one menopausal clinic in an urban city. The Risk Assessment for Falls Scale II, developed by Glydenvand and Reinboth (1982) and adapted by Park Young-Hye (2003), was modified and used for this study. Results: The average fall-risk score in postmenopausal women was 7.2 out of 33, the fall-risk score associated with lifestyle was higher in women exposed to stress frequently or who favored spicy or salty foods. The fall-risk score associated with metabolic syndrome was higher in groups with HBP or with a waist circumference of 80cm or greater. The fall-risk score in groups with three or more factors of metabolic syndrome was the highest. Conclusion: The risk of fall in post-menopausal women was higher in groups with only elementary education, unemployed, reported two or more chronic diseases or reported frequent exposure to stress and for women who preferred spicy or salty foods or exhibited three or more factors of metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.67-84
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• 2015

Software is more diverse and complex and the level of importance for the maintenance of application software to securely operate software is also gradually increasing in proportion. The calculation method for maintenance cost of application software applied in Korea public enterprises is involved in the range of 10 to 15% of development cost, depending on the Software Project Cost Estimation Guide. Moreover, as most software maintenance cost estimation procedures do not take into consideration of the risk factors related of maintenance, it can be seen as a main cause for the occurrence of maintenance related accidents. This study proposes a maintenance cost estimate model that takes into consideration of the risks related to the software maintenance activities to improve and resolve issues arising from the estimation of maintenance cost. In doing so, maintenance risk factors are analyzed and a risk index is derived through the analysis of risk levels based on the risk factors. Based on such analysis, a maintenance cost estimate method which reflects the maintenance risk index was established.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.2441-2445
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• 2015

Background: Several risk factors leading to malignant transformation of hydatidiform moles have been described previously. Many studies showed that prophylactic chemotherapy for high risk hydatidiform moles could significantly decrease the incidence of malignancy. Thus, it is essential to discover a breakthrough to determine patients with high risk malignancy so that prophylactic chemotherapy can be started as soon as possible. Objectives: Development of a scoring system of risk factors as a predictor of hydatidiform mole malignant transformation. Materials and Methods: This research is a case control study with hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma patients as subjects. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Odds ratios (OR), attributable at risk (AR : OR-1) and risk index ($ARx{\beta}$) were calculated for develoipment of a scoring system of malignancy risk. The optimal cut-off point was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: This study analyzed 34 choriocarcinoma cases and 68 benign hydatidiform mole cases. Four factors significantly increased the risk of malignancy, namely age ${\geq}35$ years old (OR:4.41, 95%CI:1.07-16.09, risk index 5); gestational age ${\geq}$ 12weeks (OR:11.7, 95%CI:1.8-72.4, risk index 26); uterine size greater than the gestational age (OR:10.2, 95%CI:2.8-36.6, risk index 21); and histopathological grade II-III (OR:3.4, 95%CI:1.1-10.6, risk index 3). The lowest and the highest scores for the risk factors were zero and 55, respectively. The best cut-off point to decide high risk malignancy patients was ${\geq}31$. Conclusions: Malignant transformation of hydatidiform moles can be predicted using the risk scoring by analyzing the above four parameters. Score ${\geq}31$ implies high risk patients so that prophylactic chemotherapy can be promptly administered for prevention.

• Korean journal of aerospace and environmental medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.113-129
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• 2020

With the operation of the KC-330 MRTT (Multi Role Tanker Transport), which had been fielded in 2019, the ROKAF (Republic of Korea Air Force) has given fighter pilots a new mission of air refueling. As a result, fighter pilots are more likely to be exposed to risks they have never faced before, and it is necessary to look at the risk factors associated with human factors in air refueling missions. Therefore, in this study, an analysis using the HFACS (Human Factors Analysis and Classification System) model was performed for fighter pilots with air refueling qualifications. This study tried to prevent hazard in advance by discriminating the risk factors according to the human factors related to the fighter pilot during the air refueling mission.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.445-454
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the validity of obese index among body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), and waist circumference (WC) and to determine which is the best in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Korean elderly more than 65 ages. Data from the 1998 Korean Health and Nutrition Survey were used (n=1017). Anthropometric indices and CVD risk factors were measured, and chi-square test, analysis of variance following duncan's multiple range test, partial correlation analysis, and Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves were used in the analysis. Anthropometric values were decreased in both male and female when ages were goes up. In female elderly, it specially showed the characteristics of upper body fat and systolic blood pressure risk (p<0.05). Among life style factors the current smokers were prevalent in obese male (p<0.05), but not prevalent in female having obese or upper body fat. Also, person with upper body obesity have more exercise than that of normal group (p<0.01). Mean BMI values of the current smoker was lower than that of normal group in both sexes (p<0.01). Mean BMI value of person with other risk factors were higher than that of normal groups (p<0.05). Among 7 CVD risk factors in partial correlation analysis, WC had the highest correlation coefficient in 5 in male, whereas BMI in 4 in female. In ROC analyses of 12 risk factors and health conditions, the largest area under curve of obese indices for risk factors were WC>WHR>BMI in male and BMI>WHR>WC in female. The optimal cutoff values of each index (BMI : WHR : WC) for one or more risk factors were 19.02 : 0.84 : 71.3 in male and 19.04 : 0.88 : 85.6 in female. In conclusion, Most Korean elderly showed non-obese and abdominal obesity likewise other Asians. Also CVD risk factors were prevalent in Korean elderly within normal limits of obese indices. Therefore the upper body fat indices reflected in the aged whose muscle mass is replaced by fat must be used as an indicator of CVD risk together with BMI. Although WHR was the worst index based on partial correlation analysis and so located between BMI and WC in ROC curve analysis in both sexes, it need to be use with WC to screen the cardiovascular risk group.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.89-99
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• 2012

Urban regeneration projects tingeing the shape of mixed-use development, due to the nature of the business, involve risk factors such as protracted business conflict among participations, subjects, complex approval and permission procedure, frequent policy changes, etc. Therefore, systematic risk management is needed to effectively manage the numerous risk factors that may occur during the process course of project. However, risk management of large and complex development projects such as urban regeneration projects is in the introduction stage yet and somewhat one time risk management plan has been established. Therefore, in this study, in order to systematic risk management of urban regeneration projects inhered numerous risk factors, risk factors for urban regeneration projects through preceding studies and case studies were presented. Also risk factors are classified in accordance with business propulsion phase, by estimating the importance for these, step by step emphasis on managed subjects of risk management was proposed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare
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• no.54
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• pp.79-111
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the structural models in which early cumulative risk factors affect children's language(indicated by expressive vocabularies) and social development(indicated by peer competence) at age 3 thorough their effects on the home learning environment. To examine the hypothesized models, the data of 1,725 families from the second and the fourth waves of the Panel Study of Korean Children was used. Correlation analysis and structural equation modeling were conducted to test the models. First, the cumulative risk factors at age 1 and 3 were highly correlated, implying the stability of the risk factors over time. The more cumulative risk factors at age 1 predicted the lower level of the home learning environment at age 3, which, in turn, was significantly related to both language and social development at age 3. However, the early cumulative risk factors did not directly influence later developmental outcomes. Moreover, the cumulative risk factors at age 3 were directly related to the child's language development, but neither social development northe home learning environment. In addition, the mediational role of the home learning environment (i.e., cumulative risk factors at age 1${\rightarrow}$home learning environment${\rightarrow}$language and social development) was statistically supported. In conclusion, the early cumulative risk factors in infancy indirectly predicted children's development at age 3 through the home learning environment. The practical implications for the early intervention and support for the families with infants who are experiencing multiple risk factors were discussed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.537-540
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• 2015

Background: Ovarian cancer is recognized as the fourth leading cancer in Malaysia. However, women do not always seek help in a timely manner and gaps in awareness may influence screening uptake and presentation. The purpose of this study was to determine levels of awareness of ovarian cancer risk factors in female population in Penang, Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Penang, Malaysia from January until February 2014. Eighty-seven women were selected by convenient sampling. Awareness of risk factors of ovarian cancer was assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 for descriptive statistics and Pearson chi-square test for the association between socio-demographic data and awareness. A p value ${\leq}0.05$ was considered statistically significant. Results: In all, 74.7% of participants answered correctly for the risk factor of increasing age, although 94.3% were unaware of increased risk of tall women. A majority, 71.3%, had a low level of awareness of ovarian cancer risk factors. There was a significant association between age and knowledge (p=0.047). Additionally, there was a significant association between higher education level and level of awareness of ovarian cancer risk factors (p=0.039). Conclusions: This study revealed that awareness of ovarian cancer risk factors among Malaysian women is low. The results show a need for improved public understanding about ovarian cancer risks and provision of important information for health professionals about initiatives needed for future awareness, prevention and screening programs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.5953-5956
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• 2013

Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the most common cancer in Northeast Thailand. It is also a crucial health problem for Thai people. Various risk factors for CCA have been identified in the upper part of Northeast Thailand, but no similar studies of risk factors have been conducted in the lower parts of the region. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with CCA in the resident population. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted during 2009-2012 with the recruitment of 123 CCA cases and 123 non-CCA patient controls, matched for sex, age and residential area. Information was collected by interview with a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected for assays of anti-OV antibodies. Associations between various personal factors, dietary habits, family history, the presence of anti-OV antibodies and CCA were analyzed using multiple conditional logistic regression. Results: Patients who consumed raw meat (beef, pork) and alcoholic beverages ${\geq}3$ times per week had a higher risk of CCA than non-consumers ($OR_{adj}$=4.33; 95%CI=1.14-16.35 and $OR_{adj}$=2.13; 95%CI=1.00-4.55, respectively). Patients who had a family history of cancer had a higher risk than those who did not ($OR_{adj}$=4.34; 95%CI=1.80-10.43). Also, patients who had anti-OV antibodies (AU>23.337) had a higher risk than those whose anti-OV antibodies were below the cut-off ($AU{\leq}23.34$) ($OR_{adj}$=3.09; 95%CI=1.04-9.16). Conclusions: As is the case in the upper part of Northeast Thailand, OV infection is a crucial risk factor for CCA in people who live in lower part of the region. Similarly, a family history of cancer and the consumption of alcohol are risk factors for CCA.