• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.311-324
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• 2017

Energy loss at manholes under surcharged flow is considered as one of the major causes of inundation in urban area. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the flow characteristics to reduce the energy loss in the surcharged four-way combining manhole. In this study, hydraulic experimental apparatus was constructed considering the results of the present survey. Square manholes and pipe diameters were reduced to 1/5 by applying sewer facility standards. Numerical simulations were carried out with the Fluent 6.3 model to derive the invert condition which can reduce the energy loss in the surcharged four-way combining square manhole. The hydraulic experiments were carried out according to the various conditions of the lateral flow rate($Q_{lat}/Q_{out}$), discharge of outflow pipe (2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.8 l/sec), and invert shape (rectangle and square open conduit type). The crossed invert was not found to improve the drainage capacity of the surcharged four-way rectangular combining manhole. However, the improved rectangle open conduit type invert and square open conduit type invert were analyzed to improve the drainage capacity by reducing the head loss coefficients by about 8% and 28%, respectively. Therefore, in order to increase the drainage capacity of urban facilities, it is possible to install and use the improved invert proposed in this study.

• BMB Reports
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.359-364
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• 2023

KAI1/CD82, a membrane tetraspanin protein, can prevent various cancers and retinal disorders through its anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic capacity. However, little is known about its anti-inflammatory effect and molecular mechanism. Therefore, the present study aimed to inLPSvestigate effect of a recombinant protein of the large extracellular domain of human KAI1 (Gly 111-Leu 228, rhKAI1) on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and to identify its underlying mechanism. Our data showed that rhKAI1 suppressed expression levels of classically macrophages (M1) phenotype-related surface markers F4/80+CD86+ in LPS-stimulated BMDM and RAW264.7 cells. In addition, LPS markedly increased mRNA expression and release levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2, nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, whereas these increases were substantially down-regulated by rhKAI1. Furthermore, LPS strongly increased expression of NF-κB p65 in the nuclei and phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK. However, nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and phosphorylation of JNK were greatly reversed in the presence of rhKAI1. Especially, rhKAI1 markedly suppressed expression of toll-like receptor (TLR4) and prevented binding of LPS with TLR4 through molecular docking predict analysis. Importantly, Glu 214 of rhKAI1 residue strongly interacted with Lys 360 of TLR4 residue, with a binding distance of 2.9 Å. Taken together, these findings suggest that rhKAI1 has an anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-polarized macrophages by interacting with TLR4 and down-regulating the JNK/NF-κB signaling pathway.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.250-263
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• 2006

Statement of problem: Ti-alloy has been used widely since it was produced in the United States in 1947 because it has high biocompatibility and anticorrosive characteristics. Purpose: The pure titanium, however, was used limitedly due to insufficient mechanical charateristics and difficult manufacturing process. Our previous study was focused on the development of a new titanium alloy. In the previous study we found that the Ti-Ta-Nb alloy had better mechanical characteristics and similar anticorrosive characteristics to Ti-6Al-4V Material and methods: In this study, the cytotoxicity of the Ti-Ta-Nb alloy was evaluated by MTT assay using MSCs(Mesenchaimal stem cells) and L929 cells(fibroblast cell line). The biocompatibility of the Ti-Ta-Nb alloy was performed by inserting the alloy into the femur of the rabbits and observing the radiological and histological changes surrounding the alloy implant. Results: 1. In the cytotoxicity test using MSCs, the 60% survival rate was observed in pure titanium, 84% in Ti-6Al-4V alloy and 95% in Ti-10Ta-10Nb alloy. 2. In the animal study, the serial follow-up of the radiographs showed no separation or migration revealing gradual bone ingrowth surrounding the implants. Similar radiographic results were obtained among three implant groups pure titanium, Ti-6Al-4V alloy and Ti-10Ta-10Nb alloy. 3. In the histologic examination of the bone block containing the implants. the bone ingrowth was prominent around the implants with the lapse of time. There was no signs of any tissue rejection, degeneration, or inflammation. Active bone ingrowth was observed around the implants. In the comparison of the three groups, the rate of bone ingrowth was better in the Ti-10Ta-10Nb alloy group than those in pure titanium group or Ti-6Al-4V alloy group. In conclusion, Ti-10Ta-10Nb alloy revealed better biocompatibility in survival rate of the cells and bone ingrowth around the implants. Therefore we believe a newly developed Ti-10Ta-10Nb alloy can replace currently used Ti-6Al-4V alloy to increase biocompatibility and to decrease side effects. Conclusion: In conclusion, Ti-10Ta-10Nb alloy revealed better biocompatibility in survival rate of the cells and bone ingrowth around the implants. Therefore we believe a newly developed Ti-10Ta-10Nb alloy can replace currently used Ti-6Al-4V alloy to increase biocompatibility and to decrease side effects.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.73-86
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• 1976

Four unreported derivatives of N-arylsulfonylbenzamide and six derivatives of N-arylsulfonylbenzimidothiophenyl ester were prepared. These were; p-methyl-N-(arylsulfonyl)benzamide, m-methyl-N-(arylsulfonyl)benzamide, m-nitro-N-(arylsulfonyl)benzamide, p-methoxy-N-(arylsulfonyl)benzamide, p-methyl-N-(arylsulfonyl)benzimidothiophenyl esters, p-chloro-N-(arylsulfonyl)benzimidothiophenyl ester, m-methyl-N-(arylsulfonyl)benzimidothiophenyl ester, p-nitro-N-(arylsulfonyl)benzimidothiophenyl ester, m-nitro-(arylsulfonyl)benzimidothiophenyl ester and p-methoxy-N-(arylsulfonyl)benzimidothiophenyl ester. The rate constants of the hydrolysis of N-arylsulfonylbenzimidothiophenyl esters were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry at various pH and rate equations which can be applied over a wide pH range were obtained. From the rate equation and substituent effects, one can conclude that above pH 11, the hydrolysis of N-arylsulfonylbenzimidothiophenyl esters are initiated by the attack of hydroxide ion, however, below pH 9, started by the addition of a water molecule on the azomethine group. At pH 9∼11, the competitive reaction between a water molecule and hydroxide ion is anticipated to occur.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.258-262
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• 2007

The objective of this study is to offer some standards for the classification of Sasang Constitutions according to age groups through analyzing the characteristics of their body shape and comparing with their frontal silhouettes. The subject of this study were 192 female and 167 male patients who aged from 17 to 64 in Pusan. They were treated with Sasang Constitutional medicine. 5 Heights, 7 widths of their body were measured with modified IBS-2000. Collected 12 anthropometric data was analyzed by T-test and ANOVA. Width is more suitable than height in estimating Sasang Constitutions regardless of gender differences. W2_1, W2_2, W2_4, W2_5, W2_51 are suitable to estimate Sasang Constitutions regardless of gender differences and age groups. in case of female, H45 in 33${\sim}$64 age group is suitable to estimate Sasang Constitutions. In case of male, H12, W2_1 in 17${\sim}$32 age group and H01, W2_0, H23 in 33${\sim}$64 age group are suitable to estimate Sasang Constitutions. All Sasang Constitutions with the exception of Taeyangin female have to consider age groups, when we estimate Sasang Constitutions. From the above results, we have to consider not only gender differences but also age groups to classify Sasang Constitutions from body shape point of view.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5025-5032
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to compare the working memory and the phonological awareness between Children with multi-cultural families and general families. The research subjects were 15 multi-cultural and 15 general primary school students who were attending 1st-3rd grade in D city. Working memory tested K-TTFC-2 by standardized tool. Phonological awareness abilities was considering the age of the subjects, tested phoneme awareness. Data process was conducted by t -test and frequency test in SPSS program. The results were as follows. First, working memory comparison of both groups showed significant differences. Especially had significant difference in chapter 1, chapter 4. Second, comparison of phonological awareness between both groups showed significant statistic differences. Third, the Phonological awareness comparison of both groups showed that there are differences in sound matching(word medial coda), substituting middle sound in monosyllabic words, phoneme switching. This research result is considered that can be used as the fundamental data for the development of the therapy data considering the working memory and the phonological awareness of children with multi-cultural families.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.352.1-352.1
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• 2016

양자점은 나노미터 크기의 반도체 결정으로 밴드갭에 따라 광학적, 전기적 성질이 달라지는 독특한 성질을 가지는 형광물질으로 활발히 연구되고 있다. 중금속을 기반으로 한 양자점은 높은 발광효율과 광안전성을 가지며, 가시광선 영역에서 빛을 내는 특징을 가지고 있다. 그러나 중금속을 사용하기 때문에 독성이 있어 인체나 환경에 유해하여 응용 연구에 제한적이다. 반면에, 탄소 기반의 양자점은 중금속 기반의 양자점과 비슷한 성질을 가질 뿐만 아니라, 높은 용해도와 낮은 독성으로 인해 생체적합성이 높다는 장점이 있다. 이를 이용하여 발광다이오드(LEDs), 태양전지, 광촉매 뿐만 아니라 바이오이미징, 바이오센서 등 생물학분야에도 응용 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 Bottom-up 합성 방법으로 유기전구체를 이용하여 질소를 함유하고 있는 양친매성 탄소 양자점(N-GQDs)을 합성하였다. 합성에 사용한 유기전구체는 기존에 보고된 유기전구체와 다르게 반응 진행 중에도 pH 측정 결과 중성을 나타내며, 반응 온도($225^{\circ}C$)와 유사한 온도에서도 pH 값은 여전히 6.0 이상의 값을 나타냈다. 중성을 띄는 특징으로 인해 추가적인 산제거 과정이나 표면안정화 과정이 필요 없다는 장점을 가지고 있다. 합성된 N-GQDs는 높은 결정성의 원형구조를 가지며, 원자힘현미경(AFM) 분석을 통해 높이가 ~ 1.5 nm 미만으로 3층 이하의 두께로 형성되었음을 확인하였다. 또한, 적외선 분광법(FT-IR) 분석을 통해 O-H기, 방향족 고리의 C = C (또는 C = N)기 및 C-N기가 각각 ~3250, ~1670과 ~1140 cm-1에서 확인할 수 있다. 합성된 양자점을 유기태양전지의 active layer에 소량(2 wt%) 첨가하여 양자점의 광학적, 전기적 성질을 확인하였다. 비교군 유기태양전지보다 N-GQDs가 첨가된 유기태양전지의 외부양자효율(PCE)이 7.3%에서 8.4%로 약 20%가 증가하는 것을 보였다. 이는 양자점이 상대적으로 흡수가 약한 단파장 영역의 빛을 흡수하고 PL을 내어 active layer로 에너지 트랜스퍼 현상이 일어나 전자전달을 원활하게 해 주기 때문이다. 앞으로 본 연구의 가능성과 추가적인 연구를 통해 더 많은 분야에 응용되기를 기대한다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2015

Background: Insomnia is becoming increasingly recognized as a clinically important symptom in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). In this retrospective study, we have determined risk factors associated with clinical insomnia in CLBP patients in a university hospital in Korea. Methods: Data from four-hundred and eighty one CLBP patients was analyzed in this study. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was used to determine the presence of clinical insomnia (ISI score ${\geq}15$). Patients' demographics and pain-related factors were evaluated by logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors of clinical insomnia in CLBP. Results: It was found that 43% of patients reported mild to severe insomnia after the development of back pain. In addition, 20% of patients met the criteria for clinically significant insomnia (ISI score ${\geq}15$). In a stepwise multivariate analysis, high pain intensity, the presence of comorbid musculoskeletal pain and neuropathic pain components, and high level of depression were strongly associated with clinical insomnia in CLBP. Among these factors, the presence of comorbid musculoskeletal pain other than back pain was the strongest determinant, with the highest odds ratio of 8.074 (95% CI 4.250 to 15.339) for predicting clinical insomnia. Conclusions: Insomnia should be addressed as an integral part of pain management in CLBP patients with these risk factors, especially in patients suffering from CLBP with comorbid musculoskeletal pain.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.101-109
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• 2018

Recently, the improvement of virtual reality and augmented reality technologies leverages many new technologies like the virtual study room, virtual architecture room. Such virtual worlds require free handed drawing technology such as writing descriptions of formula or drawing blue print of buildings. In nature, lots of view point modifications occur when we walk around inside the virtual world. Especially, we often look some objects from near to far distance in the virtual world. Traditional drawing methods like using fixed size image for drawing unit is not produce acceptable result because they generate blurred and jaggy result as view distance varying. We propose a novel method which robust to the environment that produce lots of magnifications and minimizations like the virtual reality world. We implemented our algorithm both two dimensional and three dimensional devices. Our algorithm does not produce any artifacts, jaggy or blurred result regardless of scaling factor.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.288-294
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• 2008

In this paper, we proposed an algorithm of edge enhancement to improve image visibility of mobile phone camera. For naturally edge enhancement, we grasps edge characteristic in image and applied to the most appropriate enhancement value adaptively about each characteristics. Namely, It applies 2D high pass filter where in the edge characteristics which judge in the first In compliance with the edge condition which is subdivided more with secondary it will be able to apply the process which able to adaptive edge enhancement to improve image visibility. It joins in and it is an existing algorithm that simply a lies 2D high pass filter where and it is identical in the image whole it will be able to improve the side effects of ringing actual condition etc. It considers the effectiveness of the hardware resource with the hardware of the algorithm which is developed and algorithm the maximum simply, it developed and simulation of the algorithm which is proposed it led and algorithm of existing and it compared and is improved the result which it confirmed.