• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

In this study, the mechanical properties of concrete with recycled coarse aggregate (RG) selected by multi-stage wind pressure (MSWP) treatment were evaluated. After evaluating the basic properties of natural and recycled coarse aggregates, the mechanical performance of the recycled coarse aggregates concrete was experimentally investigated. As a result, it was found that the MSWP technique could improve the fundamental properties such as density and water absorption of RG. In addition, the concrete with RG selected by MSWP showed a better mechanical performance, indicating a higher strength values, surface electric resistivity and a lower absorption. Thus, it seems that the MSWP technique can be effective for the production of high-quality RG.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.154-159
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• 2014

Background: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the steaming process on chemical constituents, free radical scavenging activity, and antiproliferative effect of Vietnamese ginseng. Methods: Samples of powdered Vietnamese ginseng were steamed at $120^{\circ}C$ for various times and thei extracts were subjected to chemical and biological studies. Results: Upon steaming, contents of polar ginsenosides, such as Rb1, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1, were rapidly decreased, whereas less polar ginsenosides such as Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, Rk3, and Rh4 were increased as reported previously. However, ocotillol type saponins, which have no glycosyl moiety at the C-20 position, were relatively stable on steaming. The radical scavenging activity was increased continuously up to 20 h of steaming. Similarly, the antiproliferative activity against A549 lung cancer cells was also increased. Conclusion: It seems that the antiproliferative activity is closely related to the contents of ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.1095-1101
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• 2016

Ginsenoside Rg1 is a natural compound with various efficacies and functions. It has beneficial effects on aging, diabetes, and immunity, as well as antioxidant and proliferative functions. However, its effect on porcine embryo development remains unknown. We investigated the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on the in vitro development of preimplantation porcine embryos after parthenogenetic activation in high-oxygen conditions. Ginsenoside treatment did not affect cleavage or blastocyst formation rates, but did increase the total cell number and reduced the rate of apoptosis. In addition, it had no effect on the expression of four apoptosis-related genes (Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer, B-cell lymphoma-extra large, Caspase 3, and tumor protein p53) or two metabolism-related genes (mechanistic target of rapamycin, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B), but increased the expression of Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), indicating that it may increase glucose uptake. In summary, treatment with the appropriate concentration of ginsenoside Rg1 ($20{\mu}g/mL$) can increase glucose uptake, thereby improving the quality of embryos grown in high-oxygen conditions.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.345-349
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• 1999

This study was carried out to map Bphl and bph2 gene in Mudgo and Sangju13 (Oryza sativa L.) respectively conferring resistance to brown plan-thopper (BPH) and to establish the marker-assisted selection (MAS) system. Bulked seedling (grown for 20 days) test was conducted with the 73 F4 lines derived from a cross between Nagdongbyeo and Mudgo for Bphl and with 53 BC3F5 lines derived from the Milyang95/Sangju13 cross for bph2. Bph1 was mapped between RG413 and RG901 on chromo-some 12 at a distance of 7.5 cM from RG413 and 8.4 cM from RG90l. A recessive gene bph2 was located near RZ76 on chromosome 12 at a distance of 14.4 cM. Bphl and bph2 were linked to each other with a distance of about 30 cM. An RFLP marker, RG413 linked to Bphl, was converted to an STS marker to facilitate the marker-assisted selection. BPH resistant genotypes could be selected with 92% accuracy in a population derived from a line of NM47-B-B.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.09a
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• pp.31-45
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• 2011

The amyloid ${\beta}$-peptide ($A{\beta}$), which originates from the proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP), plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mounting evidence indicates that different species of $A{\beta}$, such as $A{\beta}$ oligomers and fibrils, may contribute to AD pathogenesis via distinct mechanisms at different stages of the disease. Importantly, elevation and accumulation of soluble $A{\beta}$ oligomers closely correlate with cognitive decline and/or disease progression in animal models of AD. In agreement with these studies, oligomers of $A{\beta}$ have been shown to directly affect synaptic plasticity, a neuronal process that is known to be essential for memory formation. Our previous studies showed that $A{\beta}$ induces the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2), a phospholipid that regulates key aspects of neuronal function. PI(4,5)P2 breakdown was found to be a key step toward synaptic and memory dysfunction in a mouse model of AD. To this end, we seek to identify small molecules that could elevate the levels of PI(4,5)P2 and subsequently block $A{\beta}$ oligomer-induced breakdown of PI(4,5)P2 and synaptic dysfunction.. We found that (20S)Rg3, an active triterpene glycoside from heat-processed ginseng, serves as an agonist for phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIalpha (PI4KIIalpha), which is a lipid kinase that mediates a rate-limiting step in PI(4,5)P2 synthesis. Consequently, (20S)Rg3 stimulates PI(4,5)P2 synthesis by directly stimulating the activity of PI4KIIalpha. Interestingly, treatment of a mouse model of AD with (20S)Rg3 leads to reversal of memory deficits. Our data suggest that the PI(4,5)P2-promoting effects of (20S)Rg3 may help mitigate the cognitive symptoms associated with AD.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.10 no.1 s.22
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• pp.37-53
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• 2007

Objectives : The aim of this experiments is to provide an objective differentiation of ginseng, Korean and Chinese cultivated wild ginseng, and natural wild ginseng through components analysis of different parts of ginseng. Methods : Comparative analyses of ginsenoside-$Rg_3$, ginsenoside-$Rh_2$, and ginsenosides $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$ from the root, stem, and leaves of ginseng, Korean and Chinese cultivated wild ginseng, and natural wild ginseng were conducted using HPLC. Results : 1. For content comparison of leaves, ginseng showed highest content of ginsenoside $Rg_1$ than other samples. Natural wild ginseng showed relatively high content of ginsenosides $Rg_1$ and $Rb_1$ than other samples. 2. For content comparison of the stem, ginseng and 10 years old Chinese cultivated wild ginseng didn't contain ginsenoside $Rb_1$. Natural wild ginseng showed higher content of ginsenosides $Rg_1$ and $Rb_1$ than other samples. 3. For content comparison of the root, ginsenoside $Rh_2$ was found only in 5 and 10 years old Korean cultivated wild ginseng. 4. Distribution of contents by the parts of ginseng was similar in ginseng and Chinese cultivated wild ginseng. Conclusions : Above experiment data can be an important indicator for the identification of ginseng, Korean and Chinese cultivated wild ginseng, and natural wild ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.80-86
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• 2013

Korean red ginseng has been shown to possess a variety of biological activities. However, little is known about antiviral activity of ginsenosides of Korean red ginseng. Here, we investigated the protective effect by oral administration of various ginsenosides on the lethal infection of haemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ) in mice. In a lethal infection model in which almost all mice infected with HVJ died within 15 days, the mice were administered orally (per os) with 1 mg/mouse of dammarane-type (ginsenoside-Rb1, -Rb2, -Rd, -Re, and -Rg2) or oleanolic acid-type (ginsenoside-Ro) ginsenosides 3, 2, and 1 d before virus infection. Ginsenoside-Rb2 showed the highest protective activity, although other dammarane-type and oleanolic acid-type ginsenosides also induced a significant protection against HVJ. However, neither the consecutive administration with a lower dosage (300 ${\mu}g$/mouse) nor the single administration of ginsenoside-Rb2 (1 mg/mouse) was active. In comparison of the protective activity between ginsenoside-Rb2 and its two hydrolytic products [20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg3], 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, but not 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg3, elicited a partial protection against HVJ. The protective effect of ginsenoside-Rb2 and 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3 on HVJ infection was confirmed by the reduction of virus titers in the lungs of HVJ-infected mice. These results suggest that ginsenoside-Rb2 is the most effective among ginsenosides from red ginseng to prevent the lethal infection of HVJ, so that this ginsenoside is a promising candidate as a mucosal immunoadjuvant to enhance antiviral activity.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.201-207
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• 2009

In an effort to improve ginsenoside bioavailability, the ginsenosides of fermented red ginseng were examined with respect to bioavailability and physiological activity. The results showed that the fermented red ginseng (FRG) had a high level of ginsenoside metabolites. The total ginsenoside contents in non-fermented red ginseng (NFRG) and FRG were 35715.2 ${\mu}g$/mL and 34822.9 ${\mu}g$/mL, respectively. However, RFG had a higher content (14914.3 ${\mu}g$/mL) of ginsenoside metabolites (Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, CK, Rh1, F2, and Rg2) compared to NFRG (5697.9 ${\mu}g$/mL). The skin permeability of RFG was higher than that of NFRG using Franz diffusion cells. Particularly, after 5 hr, the skin permeability of RFG was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of NFRG. Using everted instestinal sacs of rats, RFG showed a high transport level (10.3 mg of polyphenols/g sac) compared to NFRG (6.67 of mg of polyphenols/g sac) after 1 hr. After oral administration of NFRG and FRG to rats, serum concentrations were determined by HPLC. Peak concentrations of Rk1, Rh1, Rc, and Rg5 were approximately 1.64, 2.35, 1.13, and 1.25-fold higher, respectively, for FRG than for NFRG. Furthermore, Rk1, Rh1, and Rg5 increased more rapidly in the blood by the oral administration of FRG versus NFRG. FRG had dramatically improved bioavailability compared to NFRG as indicated by skin permeation, intestinal permeability, and ginsenoside levels in the blood. The significantly greater bioavailability of FRG may have been due to the transformation of its ginsenosides by fermentation to more easily absorbable forms (ginsenoside metabolites).

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.130-141
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• 2000

The dried roots of Rehmannia glutinosa (RG) have been used in the traditional medicine for treatment of diabetes, fever and dysuria, etc. In order to investigate the quality evaluation of the dried roots of RG, we conducted the physico-chemical and biological evaluation method. The amount of catalpol from commercial samples is very diverse about $0.00{\sim}3.89%$ by using HPLC method, because it is easily decomposed by processing of RG. So, we should try to identify the correlation with the contents of catalpol and biological activities of RG. We chose 3 samples which were a wide difference of catalpol contents between each sample (Sample-I; 3.4%, Sample-II; 2.8%, Sample-III; 0.05%). Sample-I and Sample-II were found to be more effective than Sample-III on the DPPH free radical scavenging effect and inhibitory effect on $H_2O_2-catalyzed$ lipid peroxidation in rat liver in vitro. And, Sample-I and Sample-II exhibited more significant effects than Sample-III on accelerating actions of the small and large intestinal transport, and diuretic action in mice. So, it is suggested that the quantitative determination of catalpol should be required for the tandardization of the dried roots of RG.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.8-8
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• 2012

Ginseng have been traditionally used for strengthening immunity, providing nutrition and recovering health from fatigue. Recently, pharmaceutical activities of ginseng roots have been proven by many researches, and ginseng has become a world-famous medicinal plant. Ginseng saponin, ginsenoside, is one of the most important secondary metabolite in ginseng which has various pharmacological activities. Many studies have aimed to convert major ginsenosides to the more active minor ginsenoside Rg3 for consumer demand ginseng product. Microbial strain GS514 strain was isolated from soil around ginseng roots for enzymatic preparation of ginsenoside Rg3, which strain shows strong ability of converting ginsenoside Rb1and Rd into Rg3 in the solution with NaCl. The gene encoding a ${\beta}$-glucosidase from this GS514 was cloned and expressed in the BL21 (DE3) strain of Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme was purified and characterized. The molecular mass of purified was 87.5 kDa, as determined by SDS-PAGE. The gene sequence revealed significant homology to the family 3 glycoside hydrolases. The purified single enzyme also catalyzed the conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 into Rg3. This target enzyme will be able to produce as much saponin for consumer demand ginseng product. Anti-apoptotic proteins bind with pro-apoptotic proteins to induce apoptosis mechanism. Over expression of these anti-apoptotic proteins lead to several cancers by preventing apoptosis. Docking simulations were performed for anti-apoptotic proteins with several ginsenosides from Panax ginseng. Our finding shows ginsenosides particularly Rg3, Rh2 and Rf have more binding affinity with apoptotic proteins. Further, these docking system of each ginsenosides can be extended to experimental screen system for further brief confirmations of several diseases.