• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.99-106
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• 2008

A ligand - whether an endogenous hormone, neurotransmitter, exogenous toxin or synthetic drug - binds to plasma membrane proteins (e.g., ion channels, receptors or other functional proteins) to exert its physiological or pharmacological effects. Ligands can also have functional groups, showing stereospecificity for interaction sites on their counterpart plasma membrane proteins. Previous reports have shown that the ginsenoside Rg$_3$, a bioactive ginsenoside, meets these criteria in that: 1) an aliphatic side chain of $Rg_3$ plays a role as a functional group, 2) Rg$_3$ regulates voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels in a stereospecific manner with respect to carbon-20, and 3) $Rg_3$ regulates subsets of ligand-gated and voltage-gated ion channels through specific interactions with identified amino acid residues inside the channel pore, in the outer pore entryway, or in toxin binding sites. Rg$_3$, therefore, could be a candidate for a novel ginseng-derived glycosidic ligand regulating ion channels and receptors. This review will examine how Rg$_3$ regulates voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels through interactions with its target proteins in the plasma membrane. Hopefully, this review will advance understanding of ginseng pharmacology at the cellular and molecular levels.

• 자연과학논문집
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• 제4권
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• pp.69-83
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• 1991

인삼음료의 혼탁방지를 위하여 에탄올로 원료 Ext.를 청징할때 최적에탄올농도와 청징시간을 정하고자 주원료인 인삼물추출 Ext.를 10~90% 에탄올용액으로 용해 한후 $0~5^\circC$에서 1~7일간 청징하면서 각 처리구별 Ext.의 수율, 물리적특성 및 조사포닌함량과 각처리 Ext.를 첨가하여 만든 인삼음료의 침전 생성경향을 조사 하였다. 에탄올농도가 증가하고 청징시간이 길어질수록 color intensity, redness 및 점도는 감소 하였으나 투광도, lightness, yellowness는 증가하는 경향 이었다. 청징 Ext. 의 수율은 에탄올농도가 증가함에 따라 크게 감소 하였고 조사포닌함량은 증가 하였으나 90% 에탄올용액으로 7일간 청징 하였을때는 약간 감소하였다. 각 처리구별 Ext.를 첨가하여 제조한 인삼음료를$ 0~5^\circC$와 $40^\circC$에서 6개월간 저장하였을 때 50% 이상의 에탄올로 처리한 Ext.를 첨가한 제품이 침전생성없이 안정 하였다.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회논문지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2006

지능형 시스템에 대한 요구가 지속적으로 증가하면서, 최근에는 인공지능과 시뮬레이션 기술을 연동하기 위한 다양한 접근이 이루어지고 있다. 본 논문의 기반이 되는 RG-DEVS는 이산 사건 시뮬레이션 모델링 방법론인 DEVS에 인공지능의 계획(planning) 기술을 반영함으로써 동적으로 시뮬레이션 모델이 정의될 수 있는 인공지능과 시뮬레이션의 연동 기술이다. 그러나, 오늘날 많은 문제 해결 시스템들에 반영되고 있는 계층성(hierarchy)이 계획에 반영되어 있지 않다. 계층성은 탐색 공간을 작게 하여 계획의 계산 비용을 줄일 수 있을 뿐 아니라, 모델링 대상 시스템의 계층적 작업 흐름을 반영하기에도 유용하다. 본 논문은 RG-DEVS에 계층적 계획 능력을 추가하여 확장한 모델링 방법론인 HRG-DEVS출 제안하고, 이를 검증하기 위하여 고전적인 계획 문제로 알려진 계층적인 블록 쌓기 문제인 ABSTRIPS에 적용하였다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.522-530
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• 2002

We have already known, neural progenitor cells exist not only in the developing brain, but in certain spots in adult CNS in mammals, so it will be of great value to find out some compounds which can interfere these cells proliferation ability. In this research, we observed that ginsenoside $Rg_1$ can not only enhance neural progenitors' proliferation ability in vitro, but increase neurogenesis in adult mouse dentate gyrus in vivo. Firstly, we set up neural progenitor cells' culture system from embryonic rats' hippocampus and prove their feature through immunocytochemistry. Then by using MTT assay, we found that when growing with ginsenoside $Rg_1(0.5\~2.5{\mu}mol/l)$, the progenitor cells' survival rate nearly doubled, furthermore, we proved that this increase was due to the increment of cell proliferation through $^3H-thimidine$ incorporation assay, hence, we drew the first conclusion: ginsenoside Rg1 has the ability to stimulate neural progenitor cells' proliferation in vitro; in order to observe this compound's effect in vivo, we devised the following experiment: after administering ginsenoside Rg1 (5, 10 mg/kg, once a day) intraperitoneally for two weeks, we examine the number of BrdU positive cells in the dentate gyrus of mice, and found that Rg1 could increase the number of proliferation cells significantly in vivo. From these studies, we are quite sure about Rg1's effects on the proliferation ability of neural progenitor cells both in vitro and in vivo, certain targets of the compound and its underlying mechanisms are in progress.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.457-467
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• 2013

A quick and simple method for simultaneous determination of the 30 ginsenosides (ginsenoside Ro, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, 20(S)-Rg2, 20(R)-Rg2, 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, 20(S)-Rh1, 20(S)-Rh2, 20(R)-Rh2, F1, F2, F4, Ra1, Rg6, Rh4, Rk3, Rg5, Rk1, Rb3, Rk2, Rh3, compound Y, compound K, and notoginsenoside R1) in Panax ginseng preparations was developed and validated by an ultra performance liquid chromatography photo diode array detector. The separation of the 30 ginsenosides was efficiently undertaken on the Acquity BEH C-18 column with gradient elution with phosphoric acids. Especially the chromatogram of the ginsenoside Ro was dramatically enhanced by adding phosphoric acid. Under optimized conditions, the detection limits were 0.4 to 1.7 mg/L and the calibration curves of the peak areas for the 30 ginsenosides were linear over three orders of magnitude with a correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. The accuracy of the method was tested by a recovery measurement of the spiked samples which yielded good results of 89% to 118%. From these overall results, the proposed method may be helpful in the development and quality of P. ginseng preparations because of its wide range of applications due to the simultaneous analysis of many kinds of ginsenosides.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.481-488
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• 2022

Background: Although the tumor-suppressive effects of ginsenosides in cell cycle have been well established, their pharmacological properties in mitosis have not been clarified yet. The chromosomal instability resulting from dysregulated mitotic processes is usually increased in cancer. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on mitotic progression in cancer. Materials and methods: Cancer cells were treated with ginsenoside Rg1 and their morphology and intensity of different protein were analyzed using immunofluorescence microscopy. The level of proteins in chromosomes was compared through chromosomal fractionation and Western blot analyses. The location and intensity of proteins in the chromosome were confirmed through immunostaining of mitotic chromosome after spreading. The colony formation assays were conducted using various cancer cell lines. Results: Ginsenoside Rg1 reduced cancer cell proliferation in some cancers through inducing mitotic arrest. Mechanistically, it inhibits the phosphorylation of histone H3 Thr3 (H3T3ph) mediated by Haspin kinase and concomitant recruitment of chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) to the centromere. Depletion of Aurora B at the centromere led to abnormal centromere integrity and spindle dynamics, thereby causing mitotic defects, such as increase in the width of the metaphase plate and spindle instability, resulting in delayed mitotic progression and cancer cell proliferation. Conclusion: Ginsenoside Rg1 reduces the level of Aurora B at the centromere via perturbing Haspin kinase activity and concurrent H3T3ph. Therefore, ginsenoside Rg1 suppresses cancer cell proliferation through impeding mitotic processes, such as chromosome alignment and spindle dynamics, upon depletion of Aurora B from the centromere.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.148-156
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• 2018

Background: Hot steaming is known to be effective in improving the biological activities of plant extracts by breaking down useful compounds to low molecular weight ones. Methods and Results: This study aimed to develop an optimal extraction and steam processing method for enhancing the low molecular ginsenoside contents of the adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng. The total ginsenoside was optimally extracted when 70% EtOH was used at $50^{\circ}C$, whereas low molecule ginsenoside such as Rg2, Rh1, Rh4 and Rk1 could be extracted using 70% EtOH at $70^{\circ}C$. The adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng is known to contain four major ginsenosides, i.e., Rb2, Rb1, Rg1 and Rd, however new ginsenosides Rg6, Rh4, Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 were new abundantly obtaind after steam processing method was applied. The contents of total ginsenosides were the highest when thermal steam processing was conducted at $120^{\circ}C$ for 120 min. Unlike ginsenosides such as Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rh1, which decreased after steam processing, Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5 increased after thermal processing. Steam processing significanltly reduced the content of Rb1, increased that of Rg6 by about ten times than that in the adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng. Conclusions: Our study showed that the optimal extraction and steam processing method increased the content of total ginsenosides and allowed the extraction of minor ginsenosides from major ones.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2008

Objectives The aim of this experiment is to provide an differentiation of ginseng, red ginseng, cultivated wild ginseng(CWG), and red wild ginseng(RWG) through component analysis using HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatography, hereafter HPLC). Methods Comparative analyses of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, ginsenoside $Rh_2$, and ginsenosides $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$ of various ginsengs were conducted using HPLC. Results 1. CWG was relatively heat-resistant and showed slow change in color during the process of steaming and drying, compared to cultivated ginseng. 2. Ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was not detected in cultivated ginseng and CWG, whereas it was high in red ginseng and RWG. Ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was more generated in red ginseng than in RWG. 3. Ginsenoside $Rh_2$ appreared during steaming and drying of cultivated ginseng, whereas it was more increased during steaming and drying of CWG. 4. Ginsenoside $Rg_1$ content was more increased during steaming and drying of cultivated ginseng, whereas it was more decreased during steaming and drying of CWG. 5. Ginsenoside $Rb_1$ content was increased about 500% during steaming and drying of cultivated ginseng, whereas it was increased about 30% during steaming and drying of CWG, indicating that ginsenoside $Rb_1$ was more generated in red ginseng than in RWG. 6. Ginsenoside $Rg_3$ content was higher, whereas ginsenoside $Rg_1$ content was lower in 11th RWG than in 9th RWG, indicating that ginsenoside $Rg_3$ content was increased and $Rg_1$ content was decreased as steaming and drying continued to proceed. Ginsenoside $Rh_2$ and $Rb_1$ contents began to be increased, followed by decreased after 9th steaming and drying process. Conclusions Above experiment data can be an important indicator for the dentification of ginseng, red ginseng, CWG, and RWG. And the following studies will be need for making good product using CWG.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.8-12
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• 2009

진세노사이드 $Rb_1$, $Rg_1$의 경우 인삼의 주요 지표성분으로서 건강기능식품법 등 국내 주요 규격 뿐 만 아니라 Codex 등 국제 규격에서도 주요한 품질지표 인자로 활용되고 있다. 그러나 최근 기술표준원에서 발표한 KS 방법 및 2008년 8월부터 실효된 개정된 건강기능식품법에 제시되어 있는 HPLC를 이용한 $Rb_1$, $Rg_1$ 분석법의 경우 분석시간이 각각 90분, 70분으로 매우 길다는 단점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기존에 제시되어 있는 HPLC 방법을 개선하여 진세노사이드 $Rb_1$, $Rg_1$ 및 고려인삼 특이 진세노사이드 겐를 단시간(50분)에 분석할 수 있는 새로운 방법을 개발한 후 개발된 분석법에 대한 평가를 수행하였다. 컬럼은 $\mu$-Bondapak $C_{18}$ column($3.9{\times}300\;mm$, $10{\mu}m$), 이동상 용매는 water, acetonitrile로 기울기 용리를 사용하였으며, 검출파장은 203nm 이동상의 유속은 1.6mL/mm이었으며 분석온도는 $35^{\circ}C$, 시료주입량은 $20{\mu}L$로 설정하여 분석하였다. 확립된 분석조건에서의 각 진세노사이드 머무름 시간(RT)은 $Rg_1$(17.6분), Rf(18.2분), $Rb_1$(39.1분)이었다. 진세노사이드 3종에 대한 표준검정곡선은 $0.01{\sim}1.00\;mg/mL$ 농도범위에서 상관계수가 0.9997 이상의 양호한 직선성을 나타내었다. 회수율은 $0.125{\sim}0.575\;mg/mL$의 농도범위에서 $101.1{\sim}l15.0%$으로 양호하였으며, 일내(intra-day)와 일간 (inter-day) 정밀도(RSD)는 $0.{\sim}2.8%$, $0.7{\sim}3.2%$이었다. 따라서, 확립된 분석방법은 인삼 중의 진세노사이드 $Rb_1$, $Rg_1$, Rf를 신속하고 효과적으로 분석하는데 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.655-660
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• 2012

밭마늘과 논마늘(영천산)의 매운맛 차이를 알아보고자, 마늘의 매운맛 생성에 관여하는 주요 인자들인 alliin과 allcin 그리고 SAC의 함량을 HPLC로 분석하고, 이들 함함성분의 생성에 관여하는 효소인 alliinase와 GTPase(${\gamma}$-glutamyl trans peptidase) 활성 및 pyruvate 생성량과 일반성분을 분석하였다. 수분함량은 논마늘이 밭마늘에 비하여 높았으며, 조회분, 조지방, 조단백, 탄수화물 함량 역시 밭마늘이 논마늘에 비하여 높았다. 마늘의 주요 매운맛 성분인 allicin 함량은 밭마늘이 $2.83{\pm}0.03$ mg/g, 논마늘이 $2.22{\pm}0.02$ mg/g을 나타내어 밭마늘이 논마늘에 비하여 유의적으로 높았다. Allicin의 전구체인 alliin의 함량은 밭마늘이 $8.97{\pm}0.09$ mg/g, 논마늘이 $8.22{\pm}0.08$ mg/g으로 나타났다. SAC 함량은 밭마늘이 $1.74{\pm}0.17$ mg/g으로, 논마늘의 $1.04{\pm}0.14$ mg/g에 비하여 유의적으로 높았다. 한편, 효소 alliinase 활성도는 밭마늘이 $285{\pm}43{\mu}mole/mg$ protein, 논마늘이 $239{\pm}34{\mu}mole/mg$ protein을 나타내어 유의적인 차이는 없었으나, GTPase 활성은 밭마늘이 86.3 ${\mu}mole/mg$ protein으로 논마늘의 78.4 ${\mu}mole/mg$ protein에 비하여 높게 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 토대로 밭마늘이 매운 맛이 강한 것은 본 연구결과로부터 allicin 함량이 논마늘에 비하여 높은 데 기인된 것으로 파악되었다. 밭마늘은 논마늘에 비하여 alliinase 활성은 유사하였으나 alliin의 함량이 높아 allicin 생성량이 많았으며, SAC가 높고 GTPase의 활성이 높아 alliin의 함량이 높은 것으로 생각되었다. 따라서, 마늘을 기능성 식품소재로의 활용을 극대화하고자 한다면 밭마늘이 논마늘보다 더 적합한 것으로 생각된다.