• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.20-30
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• 2024

Red ginseng (RG) is widely used as a herbal medicine. As the human lifespan has increased, numerous diseases have developed, and RG has also been used to treat various diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases are major problems that modern people face through their lives. Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are featured by progressive nerve system damage. Recently, neuroinflammation has emerged as a degenerative factor and is an immune response in which cytokines with nerve cells that constitute the nervous system. RG, a natural herbal medicine with fewer side effects than chemically synthesized drugs, is currently in the spotlight. Therefore, we reviewed studies reporting the roles of RG in treating neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases and found that RG might help alleviate neurodegenerative diseases by regulating neuroinflammation.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.216-222
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• 2012

Newly proposed RG-MADS (Randomly Guided Mesh Adaptive Direct Search) has been applied to the optimal design of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) which has the distinctive features of magnetic saturation. RG-MADS, advanced from classical MADS algorithm, has the superiority in computational time and reliable convergence accuracy to the optimal solution, thus it is appropriate to the optimal design of IPMSM coupled with time-consuming Finite Element Analysis (FEA), necessary to the nonlinear magnetic application for better accuracy. Effectiveness of RG-MADS has been verified through the well-known benchmark-functions beforehand. In addition, the proposed RG-MADS has been applied to the optimal design of IPMSM aiming at maximizing the Maximum Torque Per Ampere (MTPA), which is regarded as representative design goal of IPMSM.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2001년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집(3)
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• pp.33-36
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• 2001

With all the researches to define human genom and to look for some new bio-activated material in the bio-technology field recently, it is more highly needed to analyse DNA or so called Material than ever before. First, the lanes are extracted based on histogram analysis and projection technique. And then three other approaches are applied for band extraction: SB, RG-1, and RG-2. In SB method, a search line is set dividing each lane equally and vertically to find peaks and valleys. And according to them, minimum enclosing rectangle of each band is determined. In RC-1 approach, on the other hand, band areas are extracted by region growing with the peaks as seeds, avoiding the overlap with the neighboring bands. In RC-2 approach, peaks and valleys are searched in two lines that trisect the lane vertically, and the pair of peaks in the same band are determined, and then used to grow the region. To compare the accuracy of the three suggested methods, we measure the location and amount of bands. The result shows that the mean deviation of the location is 0.06, 0.03, and 0.01 for SB, RG-1, and RC-2 respectively. And the mean deviation of the amount of bands is 0.08, 0.05, and 0.02 for SB, RG-1, and RG-2 respectively. In conclusion, the RG-2 method suggested in this paper appears to be the most reliable on the degree of the accuracy in measuring the location and amount of bands

• 생약학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.320-325
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to develop a new preparation process of Notoginseng root(Panax notoginseng) extracts having high concentrations of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, $Rg_5$, $Rk_1$ and $Rh_4$, a special component of Red and Black ginseng(Panax ginseng). Chemical transformation from ginseng saponin to prosapogenin was analyzed by the HPLC. Extracts of Notoginseng root was processed under several treatment conditions including microwave and vinegar(about 14% acidity) treatments. Results of those treatments showed that the quantity of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ increased by over 7.6% at 15 minutes of pH 2~4 vinegar and microwave treatments. The results of processing with MPN-15 indicate that the microwave and vinegar(about 14% acidity) processed Notoginseng root extracts that had gone through 15-minute treatments were found to contain the largest amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$(7.639%), $Rg_5$(6.061%), $Rk_1$(1.516%) and $Rh_4$(1.599). It is thought that such results provide basic information in preparing Notoginseng root extracts with functionality enhanced.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.183-188
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• 2009

To produce ginsenoside-Rg$_3$ enriched edible yeast, ginseng steaming effluent (GSE) was used for yeast cultivation in this study. Four kinds of edible yeasts were cultured in sterilized GSE (2% w/v, pH 6.5), without any nutrient, for 48 h at 30$^{\circ}C$, and their growth and ginsenoside compositions were determined. Among the yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed the highest growth in the GSE medium. 267.1 mg of Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass was produced from 1 g of GSE solid and ginsenoside-Rg$_3$ contents was determined with 0.033 mg. Saccharomyces cerevisiae also showed the best overall acceptability, with a herbal and fermentative flavor and a slightly bitter taste. From these data, we conclude that Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the excellent strain for production of ginsenoside-Rg$_3$ enriched edible yeast using GSE.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.137-141
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• 2007

To evaluate the antiatopic effect of Korea Red Ginseng (RG, steamed root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Family Araliaceae), its inhibitory effect on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction and itching in mice was measured. RG and its ingredient saponin fraction (SF) potently inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction and scratching behaviors. RG at a dose of 100 mg/kg and SF at a dose of 50 mg/kg significantly inhibited the scratching frequency by 32% and 38%, respectively. RG and SF also inhibited the degranulation and protein expression of tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-4 of RBL-2H3 cells induced by IgE-antign complex. However, polysaccharide fraction of RG did not inhibit it. Based on these findings, RG can improve allergic skin disorders atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis by the regulation of $TNF-{\alpha}$, and IL-4 produced by mast cells and basophils and their membrane stabilization.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1998년도 Advances in Ginseng Research - Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ginseng -
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• pp.83-89
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• 1998

Ginseng total saponins (GTS) injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) at doses from 0.1-1 vs inhibited the i.c.v. injection stress-induced plasma corticosterone levels in mice. The inhibitory action of GTS was blocked by co-administered NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 1.5 us, i.c.v.), an. inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Of the ginsenosides Rbl, Rba, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rgl,20(S)-Rg3, and 20(R)-Rg3 injected i.c.v. at doses from 0.01 to 0.3ug(or 1 uE),20(5)-Rg3 and Rc significantly inhibited the o.c.v. injection stress-induced Plasma corticosterone levels. The inhibitory actions of 20(S)-Rg3 and Rc were blocked by co-administered L-NAME (1.5 n, i.c.v.). These results suggest that G75, 20(S)-Rg3 and Rc may inhibit the i.c.v. injection stress-induced hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal response by inducing NO production in the brain.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2020

Objectives: Ginsenosides found in ginseng, and the hydrolysates derived from their conversion, exhibit diverse pharmacological characteristics [1]. These have been shown to include anti-cancer, anti-angiogenic, and anti-metastatic effects, as well as being able to provide hepatic and neuroprotective effects, immunomodulation, vasodilation, promotion of insulin secretion, and antioxidant activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine how quickly the ginsenosides decompose and what kinds of degradation products are created under physicochemical processing conditions that don't involve toxic chemicals or other treatments that may be harmful. Methods: The formation of ginsenoside-Rg2 and ginsenoside-Rg3 was examined. These demonstrated diverse pharmacological effects. Results: We also investigated physicochemical factors affecting their conversion. The heating temperatures and times yielding the highest concentration of ginsenosides (-Rb1, -Rb2, -Rc, -Rd, -Rf, -Rg1, and -Re) were examined. Additionally, the heating temperatures and rates of conversion of these ginsenosides into new 'ginseng saponins', were examined. Conclusion: In conclusion, obtained provide us with effective technology to control the concentration of both ginsenosides and the downstream converted saponins (ginsenoside-Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1 etc.), as well as identifying the processing conditions which enable an enrichment in concentration of these compounds.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.711-721
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• 2022

The immune system is one of the most important parts of the human body and immunomodulation is the major function of the immune system. In response to outside pathogens or high inflammation, the immune system is stimulated or suppressed. Thus, identifying effective and potent immunostimulants or immunosuppressants is critical. Ginsenosides are a type of steroid saponin derived from ginseng. Most are harmless to the body and even have tonic effects. In this review, we mainly focus on the immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive roles of two types ginsenosides: the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type and protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type. PPT-type ginsenosides include Rg1, Rg2, Rh4, Re and notoginsenoside R1, and PPD-type ginsenosides include Rg3, Rh2, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, compound K (CK) and PPD, which activate the immune responses. In addition, Rg1 and Rg6 belong to PPT-type ginsenosides and together with Rg3, Rb1, Rd, CK show immunosuppressive properties. Current explorations of ginsenosides in immunological areas are in the preliminary stages. Therefore, this review may provide some novel ideas to researchers who study the immunoregulatory roles of ginsenosides.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.42-61
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• 2005

Objectives:The ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1, the major components of ginseng saponin, have neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects including promotion of neuronal survival and proliferation, facilitation of learning and memory, and protection from ischemic injury and apoptosis. In this study, to investigate the molecular basis of the effects of ginsenoside on neuron, we analyzed gene expression profiling of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells treated with ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1. Methods:SH-SY5Y cells were cultured and treated in triplicate with ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1($80{\mu}M$, $40{\mu}M$, $20{\mu}M$). The proliferation rates of SH-SY5Y cells were determined by MTT assay and microscopic examination. We used a high density cDNA microarray chip that contained 8K human genes to analyze the gene expression profiles in SH-SY5Y cells. We analyzed using the Significance Analysis of Microarray(SAM) method for identifying genes on a microarray with statistically significant changes in expression. Results:Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with $80{\mu}M$ ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1 for 36h showed maximal proliferation compared with other concentrations or control. The results of the microarray experiment yielded 96 genes were upregulated(${\geq}$3 fold) in Rg1 treated cells and 40 genes were up-regulated(${\geq}$2 fold) in Rb1 treated cells. Treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 for 36h induced the expression of some genes associated with protein biosynthesis, regulation of transcription or translation, cell proliferation and growth, neurogenesis and differentiation, regulation of cell cycle, energy transport and others. Genes associated with neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation such as SCG10 and MLP increased in ginsenoside Rg1 treated cells, but such changes did not occur in Rb1-group. Conclusion:Our data provide novel insights into the gene mechanisms involved in possible role for ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1 in mediating neuronal proliferation or cell viability, which can elicit distinct patterns of gene expression in neuronal cell line. Ginsenoside Rg1 have more broad and strong effects than ginsenoside Rb1 in gene expression and related cellular physiology. In addition, we suggest that SCG10 gene, which is known to be expressed in neuronal differentiation during development and neuronal regeneration during adulthood, may have a role in enhancement of activity dependent synaptic plasticity or cytoskeletal regulation following treatment of ginsenoside Rg1. Further, ginsenoside Rg1 may have a possible role in regeneration of injured neuron, promotion of memory, and prevention from aging or neuronal degeneration.