• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.284-290
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• 2013

This study analyzed the geometric, compressive, cutting and friction properties of oriental melons in order to design a gripper capable of soft handling and a cutter for cutting oriental melon vine among the end effector of oriental melon as a preliminary step for developing the end effector of the robot capable of harvesting oriental melons in protected cultivation. As a result, the average length, diameter at the midpoint, weight, volume and roundness of the oriental melons were 108 mm, 70 mm, 188 g, 333 mL and 3.8 mm. Nonlinear regression analysis was performed on the equation $W=L^a{\times}D_2^b$ with variation of the length (L) and diameter (D2) of the weight (W) of the oriental melons. As a result, it was shown that there was a correlation between a of 2.0279 and b of -0.9998 as a constant value. The average diameter of the oriental melon vine was 3.8 mm, and most vines were distributed within a radius of 5 mm from the center. The average yield value, compressive strength and hardness of the oriental melons were $36.5N/cm^2$, $185.7N/cm^2$ and $636.7N/cm^2$, respectively. The average cutting force and shear strength of the oriental melon vines were $2.87{\times}10^{-2}\;N$ and $5.60N/cm^2$, respectively. The maximum friction coefficient of the oriental melons was rubber of 0.609, followed by aluminium of 0.393, stainless steel of 0.177 and teflon of 0.079. It was considered possible to apply it to the size of the gripper and cutter, turning radius, dynamics of drive motor and selection of materials and their quality in light of the position error and safety factor according to the movement when designing end effector based on the analyzed data.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.323-331
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• 2007

This study was designed to estimate self-life of Kimbab and sandwiches marketed in convenience store. While the 12 different type of Kimbab (n=6) and sandwiches (n=6) were kept at $10^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours, quality changes including volatile basic nitrogen, aerobic plate count, pathogens detection and sensorial property was monitored, and effective quality indicators were selected. Volatile basic nitrogen, indicator for protein deterioration was slightly increased during storage periods in all samples. E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were not detected from any of samples. Change of aerobic plate count of Kimbab and sandwiches were increased moderately but increased dramatically after 48 hours of storage. Overall acceptability were maintained over 5, purchasing power limit, for 40 hours in 4 general Kimbab, 48 hours in 2 samgak Kimbab and 42 hours in 2 sandwiches. Shelf-life of each item was calculated from regression equation between reference limit from effective quality indicators, aerobic plate count and sensory property, and storage period. Estimated shelf-lives of general Kimbab were $15{\sim}33$ hours, samgak Kimbab were 32 hours and sandwiches were $27{\sim}30$ hours at $10^{\circ}C$ refrigerated condition.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.843-850
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• 2000

We have produced the microcapsule composed of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ as a core material (Cm) and the gelatinized polysaccharide as a wall material (Wm). Firstly, we have developed a simple, sensitive, and quantitative analysis method of the microencapsulation product using 5% cupric acetate pyridine solution. We could then optimize all the conditions for the microencapsulation process such as the ratio of [Cm] to [Wm], the temperature of dispersion fluid, and the emulsifier concentration using response surface methodology (RSM). As for the microencapsulation of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$, the regression model equation for the yield of microencapsulation (YM, %) to the change of an independent variable could be predicted as follows : YM=99.77-1.76([Cm]:[Wm])-1.72$([Cm]\;:\;[Wm])^2$. From the ridge of maximum response, the optimum conditions for the microencapsulation of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ were able to be determined as the ratio of [Cm] to [Wm] of 4.6:5.4(w/w), the emulsifier concentration of 0.49%, and dispersion fluid temperature of $25.5^{\circ}C$, respectively. Finally, the microcapsules produced under the optimal conditions were applied for the analysis of storage stability. The optimal conditions for the storage were found to be the values of pH 9.0 and $25{\sim}35^{\circ}C$. And the storage stability of the microcapsules containing ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ were higher than 99% for a week at pH 9.0 and $25^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 1988

A field experiment was conduted to determine the effects of shading degrees (O: full sunlight, 25, 50 and 75%) on the proximate components, cell wall constituents (CWC), digestibility, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and nitrate nitrogen ($NO_3$-N) concentration of grasses grown in forest. For the test different artificial shading houses were established and pasutre species used were orchardgrass, timothy, perennial ryegrass and ladino clover. the experiment was performed at LES in Suwon, 1985 1. Considering proximate components, CWC and digestibility of grasses, ladino clover showed the best quality, and then perennial ryegrass. 2. The contents of crude protein, crude ash, and digestibility of grasses were increased with shadking, regardless of pasture species. As the shading degrees are increased, the contents of crude fibe in orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass and timothy were decreased, while that in ladino clover was increased with shading. 3. Grasses grwon in spring showed higher digestibility than those grwon in summer season. 4. The content of WSC was the highest in perennial ryegrass, and then ladino clover, orchardgrass, and timothy, in that order. Also WSC was decreased as the shading degrees are in creased. 5. The content of $NO_3$-N was the highest in perennial ryegrass, and then orchardgrass, ladino clover and timothy, in that order. Also the $NO_3$-N was significantly increased with higher shading level. In the regression equation between shading degrees and $NO_3$-N ($r^2=0.90^{**},\;r^2=0.95^{**}$), shading degree of 43 to 44% was critical level, causing nitrate poisoning to animal. 6. Considering grass quality, dry matter yield and $NO_3$-N, less than 40% of shading degree (over 60% of full sunlight) was desirable for better grassland improvement, management and utilization in the forest.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1293-1303
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• 2006

This paper represents a comparison the difference between existence and nonexistence of soundproof trees for road traffic noise. Also we suggested that the simple equation has been derived using a single regression analysis for predicting levels of $Leq_{th}$ at a given distance from a road in terms of the flow rate, the mean speed of the traffic, and the percentage of the type vehicles in the existence and nonexistence of soundproof trees. We classified a vehicle into four and analyzed contribution rate to traffic volume. As a result, the order showed as followed: light vehicle>medium vehicle>heavy vehicle>motorcycle. However, the results of analyzing contribution rate with between traffic volume and traffic noise by the each type showed as followed; Motorcycle>Light vehicle>Medium vehicle>Heavy vehicle. This study showed that the most a lof of traffic volumes of the three vehicles(light vehicle, medium vehicle and motorcycle) and heavy vehicle were existed in 67 km/h and 61 km/h of car speed, respectively. The total traffic noise to the mean car speed decreased because of the inflow a lot of traffic volumes between 2016 and 2388 in the range of 67 km/h of light vehicle speed, in traffic composition of 4.75% heavy vehicles, and 1.11% motorcycle. the final result for this study showed that statistical paired t-test for between existence and nonexistence of soundproof trees was significant(p<0.05) and the difference between daytime and night in the location of the nonexistence of plant communities with the independent sample T-test was significant(p<0.05). However, the independent sample T-test for analyzing the variance of traffic noise between daytime and night was not significant(p>0.05).

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.263-271
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• 2009

This study evaluated the flocs forming characteristics in the mixing zone to increase the coagulation effect in the drinking water plant. As a measuring tool of formed flocs, on-line particle dispersion analyzer (iPDA) was used in Y drinking water plant. To evaluate the forming flocs, many parameters such as poly amine, coagulant dosing amount, raw water turbidity, and pH was applied in this study. During the periods of field test, poly aluminium chloride (PACl) as a coagulant was used. With the increase of the raw water turbidities, poly amine was also added as one of aids for increasing in coagulation efficiency. The turbidity and pH of raw water was ranged from 7 to 9 and from 25 to 140 NTU, respectively. The increasing of raw water turbidity brought the bigger floc sizes accordingly. From a regression analysis, $R^2$ value was 0.8040 as a function of T, raw water turbidity. Floc size index (FSI) was obtained from a correlation equation as follows; FSI = 0.9388logT - 0.3214 Also, polyamine gave the bigger flocs the moment it is added to the coagulated water in the rapid mixing zone. One of parameters influencing the floc sizes was the addition of powdered active carbon(PAC) in the mixing zone. In case of higher turbidity of raw water, $R^2$ value was 0.9050 in the parameters of [PACl] and [PAC]; FSI = $0.0407[T]^{0.324}[PACI]^{0.769}[PAC]^{0.178}$ On-line floc monitor was beneficial to evaluate the flocs sizes depending on the many parameters consisting raw water properties, bring the profitable basic data to control the mixing zone more effectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.453-458
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• 2002

In order to search for reliable rapid methods of estimating bacterial counts in pork, this study was tried to measure resazurin reduction time which is simple in experimental method, low in analytical cost, able to estimate bacterial count within short time. The results were summarized as follows; Correlation coefficient between initial bacterial log count(25$^{\circ}C$/72hr, Y) and resazurin reduction time(X) from blue color to pink color during incubation at 25$^{\circ}C$ and 30$^{\circ}C$ was higher than other conditions as -0.95 and -0.94, respectively. Considering correlation coefficient and reduction time, incubation temperature was compatible at 30$^{\circ}C$, and regression equation(RE) was Y = -0.4386X + 7.7870. At a bacterial load of $10^2$cfu/$cm^2$, $10^3$cfu/$cm^2$ and $10^4$cfu/$cm^2$ in pork, reduction time was 13.2hr, 10.9hr and 8.6hr, respectively. Correlation coefficient between initial bacterial log count(30$^{\circ}C$/72hr, Y) and resazurin reduction time(X) from blue color to pink color during incubation at 30$^{\circ}C$ was highest among other conditions as -0.93, and RE was Y = -0.4171X + 7.5540. At a bacterial load of $10^2$cfu/$cm^2$, $10^3cfu/$cm^2$ and $10^4cfu/$cm^2$ in pork, reduction time was 13.3hr, 10.9hr and 8.5hr, respectively. Correlation coefficient between initial bacterial log count(35$^{\circ}C$/72hr, Y) and resazurin reduction time(X) from blue color to pink color during incubation at 30$^{\circ}C$ was highest among other conditions as -0.93, and RE was Y = -0.3514X + 6.7513. At a bacterial load of $10^2$cfu/$cm^2$, $10^3$cfu/$cm^2$ and $10^4$cfu/$cm^2$ in pork, reduction time was 13.5hr, 10.7hr and 7.8hr, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.485-494
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• 2000

According to the worldwide interest in controlling $CO_2$ which contributes to green house effect. new techniques of reducing $CO_2$ are under development. We have developed new technique for reducing $CO_2$. In low $CO_2$ concentration. the chemical absorption method is useful. In this study. the kinetics of the reaction between $CO_2$ and the sterically hindered amine solution with piperazine. have been investigated from measurements of the rate of absorption of $CO_2$ in the stirred vessel that has a horizontal liquid-gas interface, in the temperature range $30{\sim}70^{\circ}C$. The experiments were carried out in the range 10.130~20.260 kPa of partial pressure of $CO_2$, and in aqueous $2.0kmol/m^3$ AMP solution with $0{\sim}0.4kmol/m^3$ piperazine The experimental results are as follows: 1) The absorption rate of $CO_2$ into aqueous AMP + piperazine solution is gett ng faster than that of aqueous AMP absorbents with temperature. Because the activation energy of piperazine 57.147 kJ/mol is higher than that of AMP 41.7kJ/mol. therefore the effect of piperazine on absorption rate increases with temperature. 2) Compared with aqueous AMP solution. the absorption rate of $CO_2$ into AMP + piperazine solution increases from 6.33% at $30^{\circ}C$ to 12% at $70^{\circ}C$, so AMP + piperazine solution is thought to be a better than AMP solution, 3) The reaction rate constants of piprazine in aqueous AMP solution with $CO_2$ have been determined as 217.21, 420.46, 707.00 and $3162.167m^3/kmol{\cdot}s$ respectively at 30, 40, 50 and $70^{\circ}C$ but these results are higher than those of Xu which were 186.7. 367.32. 693.01. $2207.65m^3/kmol{\cdot}s$ at 30, 40, 55, $70^{\circ}C$in aqueous MDEA solution. So the regression analysis of the data has led to the following equation In $k_p$ =28.324-6934.7/T.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1041-1050
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• 2009

The ambient temperature and concentration of carbon dioxide in Gwangju and the reducing method of temperature, air pollutants were investigated using the atmospheric data in Gwangju. Average ambient temperature ($T_{a-ave}$ was $13.5^{\circ}C$ during 1961 to 2008. The temperature was predicted as increasing of about $2.7^{\circ}C$ in 2108 after 100 years using the trend line of regression equation. Carbon dioxide was 370.7 and 391.4 ppm at Anmyundo, in 1999 and 2008, respectively, showing proportionally increased as ambient temperature. The temperature at Gwangju, $14.2^{\circ}C$ during 1997 to 2008, was a little higher than at neighboring counties as Naju, Damyang, Hwasoon, and Jangsung. In Gwangju, Spring will start in mid-January of 2108, Summer in mid-May, Autumn in mid-October, and Winter in last-December. The average relative humidity in the air ($RH_{a-ave}$) was gradually decreased as the temperature inversely increased. The average $CO_2$ was 457 ppm, which is 65.6 ppm higher than that in Anmyundo, korean background area of $CO_2$ in 2008. Carbon dioxide showed positive correlation, both of them, with carbon monoxide (0.87) and relative humidity (0.48).

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.183-191
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• 2020

This study monitored the rheological properties of jams manufactured using the black ginseng and black garlic. The conditions for mixing black jam were black ginseng (X₁, 30-54 g), black garlic (X₂, 75-135 g), pectin 4.5 g, apple paste 270 g, and fructo-oligosaccharide 360 g. The response surface analysis was performed with springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, brittleness and gumminess. The R²s of the regression equation for springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, brittleness and gumminess were recognized at a significant level of 5 to 10 %, with 0.8948, 0.9103, 0.9032, 0.9097, and 0.8561, respectively. The combination conditions of black ginseng and black garlic with the highest springiness of black jam were found to be 194.39% (springiness) with black ginseng 54.00 g and black garlic 105.83 g, while the conditions of black ginseng and black garlic mixing with the lowest springiness were found to be 164.11% with black ginseng 31.48 g and black garlic 119.43 g. The mixing conditions of black ginseng and black garlic with the highest cohesiveness of black jam and its consistency were 40.96% (cohesiveness) with black ginseng 48.85 g and black garlic 129.62 g, while black ginseng and black garlic combination conditions with the lowest cohesiveness were found to be 32.96% with black ginseng 50.06 g and black garlic 82.77 g. Black ginseng and black garlic mixing conditions, which have the highest chewiness of black jam, was 43.19 g (chewiness) from black ginseng 42.95 g and black garlic 106.83 g. Black ginseng and black garlic mixing conditions and their brittleness were found to be the highest in black ginseng 32.10 g and black garlic 88.04 g to 16,874 g. Black ginseng and black garlic mixing conditions and their brittleness were found to be 678 g from black ginseng 50.53 g and black garlic 83.91 g. Black ginseng and black garlic mixing conditions and their gumminess were 14.06 g with black ginseng content of 32.91 g and black garlic content of 124.60 g. By examining the relationship between black ginseng/black garlic ratio and the rheological property of black jam from above results, it is believed that black jam can be produced for anyone to enjoy using health function material.