• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2004년도 학술발표회
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• pp.72-76
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• 2004

Wetland is an important eco-system on the earth and can effectively control agricultural non-point source pollution. Reed is a typical wetland plant for land/inland water ecotone in north China. The studies indicated that reed had a underground rooted-stem, which formed a 'high speeded-connecting vessels' i.e. reed root channel (RRC) in Baiyangdian lake of Hebei province. It spread predominantly along horizontal direction underground and are mainly distributed at 18-75 cm. The results of field work from healthy reed-wetland (HRW) and regarded reed-wetland (RRW) showed that the reed, averagely, in HRW is 4.2 m height, 1 cm diameter, 65/m2 density; in RRW is 2.4 m height, 3 mm diameter, 86/m2 density. These results indicated the regradation of the function of RRC in RRW. The results of laboratory work of sewage purification from reed soil column (RSC) $(0\~100cm)$ and wheat soil column (WSC) showed that the efficiency of purification to sewage, in RSC, is high than in WSC, especially for phosphorus. The efficiency of purification, in RSC, is $92.6\%$ for total phosphorus, $43.5\%$ for total nitrogen, $54.1\%$ fur COD, respectively; in WSC, is $86.0\%$ for total phosphorus, $241.3\%$ for total nitrogen, $29.8\%$ for COD, respectively.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.234-239
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• 2004

[ $NO_3$ ]-N and T-N removal rates of cattail wetland cells were compared with those of reed wetland cells. The examined cells were a part of a pond-wetland system composed of two ponds in series and six wetland cells in parallel. Each wetland cell was 25m in length and 6m in width. Cattails (Typha angustifolia) were transplanted into three cells and reeds Phragmites australis) into another three ones in June 2000. Water of Sinyang stream flowing into Kohung Estuarine lake located in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula was pumped into the primary pond, its effluent was discharged into the secondary pond Effluent from the secondary pond was funneled into each cell. Two cattail and reed cells were chosen for this research. Water quantity and quality of influnt and effluent were analyzed front May 2001 through October 2001. The volume of influent and effluent of the cells averaged about $20.0\;m^3/day$ and $19.3\;m^3/day$, respectively. Hydraulic retention time was approximately 1.5 days. Influent $NO_3$-N concentration for the four cells averaged 2.39 mg/L. Effluent $NO_3$-N concentration far the cattail and reed cells averaged 1.74 and 1.78 mg/L, respectively. Average $NO_3$-N retention rate for the cattail and reed cells by mass was 30 and 29%, respectively. Influent T-N concentration far the four cells averaged 4.13 mg/L. Effluent T-N concentration for the cattail and reed cells averaged 2.55 and 2.61 mgL respectively. Average T-N retention rate for the cattail and reed cells by mass was 39 and 38%, respectively. $NO_3$-N and T-N concentrations in effluent from the cattail cells were significantly low (p=0.04), compared with those from the reed cells. Cattail wetland cells were more efficient for $NO_3$-N and T-N abatement than reed ones.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

It is very difficult to control the expansion of reed at a wetland ecological park due to their aggressive reproduction capability. Therefore, proper topography and wetland hydrology should be provided before the construction of a wetland ecological park. Appropriate measures should be taken at the initial stages to prevent reed expansion. Field experiments were conducted at the newly constructed wetland ecological park for 15 months to develop methods to control the reproduction and expansion of Phragmites communis. A complete shading method had the best effect on the prevention of reed reoccurrence among other methods. Complete removal of the rhizomes controlled the reed growth to a greater extent than cutting the aboveground shoots. Water-level manipulation was also better than a half-shading method for the prevention of reed reproduction. These results indicated that soil properties and edge effects can influence the reed growth. Cutting only the aboveground shoots facilitates the growth of reed. These results suggest that reed control should be implemented repeatedly and an alteration in the wetland topography and hydrology may be more effective in the long term. Combination of treatments such as water-level management with shading should be considered to control the growth of reed. Adoptive management for created or restored ecosystem might be considered for accomplishment of its original purpose.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.85-91
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• 2011

Three different types of wetlands (unplanted wetland, reed planted wetland, cattail planted wetland) were constructed at the mouth of Seokmoon reservoir with 910 $m^2$ each to examine the effects of wetland plant on pollutant removal rate in constructed wetland, and operated for 9 years (2002~2010). Water depth of the wetland was maintained at 0.3~0.5 m, flow rate was about 40~200 $m^3$/day, and retention time was managed at about 1~5 days. There was no difference in removal rate of SS, TN, and TP between reed wetland and cattail wetland. Removal rate of SS and TN in planted wetland with reed and cattail were higher than unplanted wetland, whereas removal rate of TP in unplanted wetland was higher then planted wetland. The monthly variation of removal rate in planted wetlands was high compared with unplanted wetland. From the long term monitoring results, SS and TN removal rates of period3 (2008~2010) were higher than period1 (2002~2004) in planted wetland, whereas TP removal rate was decreased as time goes on. Overall, pollutant removal rate in constructed wetland was more influenced by existence of plants than by plant species. Although constructed wetland is operated long term period, SS, TN, and TP removal rate (SS 90 %, TN 60 %, TP 40 %) can be maintained high values.

• 생태와환경
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.95-106
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• 2009

The Shihwa constructed wetland was established for the treatment of severely poluted water from Banwoul, Donghwa and Samhwa streams. This study was focused on investigating the structure of epiphytic diatom communities on reed (Phragmites communis) planting area at Banwoul high wetland (3 stations) and low wetland (3 stations) from March to October 2005. The concentration of T-N of inlet stations from the streams were decreased by flowed through the wetland, but the concentration of T-P were increased at outflow part. Epiphytic diatoms on the reed were a total 109 taxa which were composed of 103 species, 5 varieties, 1 unidentified species. The standing crops were rapidly decreasing tendency from spring to autumn but chlorophyll-a concentration were showed a very irregulated changes. Dominant species were 6 taxa which were Achnanthes minutissima in the early investigation, and were changed to the genus Navicula and the genus Nitzschia in the summer. DAIpo were ranged the values of $20.2{\sim}51$, which were mesosaprobic states at the high wetland and ranged the values of $12.4{\sim}52$, which were polysaprobic to mesosaprobic states at the low wetland. TDI were ranged the values of $28.8{\sim}94.5$, which were oligotrophic to eutrophic state at the high wetland and ranged the values of $33.3{\sim}89.7$ which were mesotrophic to eutrophic states at the low wetland. The healthy assessment (DAIpo and TDI) of water ecosystem were showed clean-bad from spring to autumn. These epiphytic diatom communities were determinated by the biological factor such as the growth of reed and the physical factors such as water temperature, light penetration and SS and so on.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.359-370
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• 2015

This study developed an up-flow wetland providing either an eco-friendly follow-up process of medium-sized public treatment facility for livestock manure or a non-point source pollution controller near livestock farms. The four bench-scale up-flow wetlands were operated with four different bed media sets. The removal efficiencies of the wetland effluent for CODCr, TN, TP, SS were 35.2 %, 29.5 %, 31.2 % and 52.2 % for set 1(Blank, without reed, with bio-ceramic), 40.6 %, 43.4 %, 42.2 % and 55.4 % for set 2(with bio-reed & without bio-ceramic), 45.2 %, 48.7 %, 46.6 % and 66.3 % for set 3(with bio-reed & bio-ceramic), 32.9 %, 27.3 %, 29.3 % and 54.1 % for Set 4(with reed & bio ceramic), respectively. The set 3 condition having a mixture of bio-reed and bio-ceramic showed the highest efficiency in the bench-scale evaluation. This study suggests a mixture of bio-reed and bio-ceramic as suitable bed media in the construction of artificial wetlands near livestock farms. Soils including the bed media were monitored during the evaluation for trace elements. Soil analysis results were satisfied with the Korean Soil Contamination Standard. This study showed that the up-flow constructed wetland was feasible to treat the effluent livestock wastewater treatment facility.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2005

Nitrate($NO_3-N$) and total nitrogen(TN) removal by a reed wetland with open water(Wetland 1) was compared with that of a reed wetland without open water(Wetland 2) from March to October 2002. The two wetlands were 25mL by 6mW. An open water area, 3mL by 6mW was designed at the middle of Wetland 1. Reeds(Phragmites australis) were transplanted into the wetlands in June 2000. Water of Sinyang Stream flowing into the Kohung Estuarine Lake located in the southern part of Korea was pumped into a primary treatment pond, whose effluent was discharged into the secondary pond. Effluent from the secondary pond was funneled into the wetlands. Inflow into the wetlands averaged about 20.0$m^3$/day and their hydraulic retention time was approximately 1.5 days. Average $NO_3-N$ removal by Wetland 1 was 117.61mg/$m^2{\cdot}day$ and that by Wetland 2 was 106.39mg/$m^2{\cdot}day$. $NO_3-N$ removal efficiency of Wetland 1 and 2 was 37% and 34%, respectively. TN removal by Wetlands 1 and 2 averaged 226.80 and 214.54mg/$m^2{\cdot}day$, respectively. TN abatement efficiency of Wetland 1 was 43% and that of Wetland 2 was 40%. $NO_3-N$ removal efficiency of Wetland 1 was significantly higher(p=0.038) than Wetland 2. TN removal efficiency of Wetland 1 was also significantly higher(p=0.044) than Wetland 2. The wetland with open water was more efficient for removal of $NO_3-N$ and TN than one without.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.185-194
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• 2014

Seasonal monitoring was implemented to understand the influence of macrophyte bed structure on the composition and trophic interaction of aquatic organisms (algae, zooplankton, macro-invertebrate, and fish) in a shallow wetland (Upo Wetland, South Korea). Distinct division of the plant assemblage (reed zone and mixed plant zone) was observed. The reed zone was composed solely of Phragmites communis, whereas the mixed plant zone comprised a diverse macrophyte assemblage (Salvinia natans, Spirodela polyrhiza, Trapa japonica, Ceratophyllum demersum, and Hydrilla verticillata). Most of the aquatic organisms were more abundant in the mixed plant zone than in the reed zone, and this was positively associated with the seasonal development of macrophyte cover. Stable isotope analysis showed seasonal interactions among aquatic organisms. The majority of aquatic animal (zooplankton, Odonata, and Ephemeroptera) were dependent on epiphytic particulate organic matter (EPOM), and the dependence on EPOM gradually increased toward autumn. Interestingly, Lepomis macrochirus consumed Ephemeroptera and zooplankton in both macrophyte zones, but Micropterus salmoides depended on different food items in the reed zone and the mixed plant zone. Although, M. salmoides in the reed zone showed food utilization similar to L. macrochirus, it consumed Odonata or small L. macrochirus in the mixed plant zone. Based on these results, it appears that differences in the structure of the two macrophyte zones support different assemblages of aquatic organisms, strongly influencing the trophic interactions between the aquatic organisms.

• 생태와환경
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.91-102
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• 2010

상을 차지하는 갈대의 침수줄기에 형성된 부착규조 군집 빛 수질특성을 파악하고자, 결빙기를 제외한 2005년 3월부터 10월까지 유입수, 습지(고습지, 저습지), 배출구를 각각 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 습지에 상관없이 높은 유기물 및 영양염 지수를 나타냈으며, 습지를 통과하면서 질소계열은 감소한 반면, 인계열은 오히려 증가하였다. 2) 부착규조는 저온기에 보다 다양하고 높은 생물량을 나타냈으며, 우점종은 습지에 관계없이 Nitzschia palea, Nitzschia amphibia 였으며, 조사 시기(강우)에 따라 다양한 범위를 나타냈다 3) 저습지 보다 고습지에서 높은 현존량은 영양염과 광투과율, 그리고 낮은 canopy와 관계가 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 따라서 동화습지는 풍부한 퇴적물과 갈대 쇄설물로부터 유출된 영양물질(특히 인)이 특정 규조류의 성장을 촉진하였으며, 특히 갈대식물 밀도가 적어 낮은 canopy를 보였던 고습지에서 높은 현존량을 나타났다.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 2000년도 학술발표회 발표논문집
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• pp.557-562
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• 2000

Estuary lakes constructed for agricultural water resources development projects have encountered eutrophication problems. Natural water purification function of wetland is considered for nutrient removal from inflowing stream. A constructed wetland was designed and installed for pollutant loading abatement in estuary lake Koheung. Combined pond-wetland system was adopted. In this system primary and secondary ponds and six wetland cells were interconnected. Reed and cattail were selected for wetland vegetation and planted in the wetland cells. In this paper, design criteria of the pond-wetland system in temperate weather zone is presented.