• Molecules and Cells
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• 제41권12호
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• pp.1072-1080
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• 2018

A plant-specific B3 domain and AP2 domain-containing transcription factor, RAV1 acts as a negative regulator of growth in many plant species and its transcription was down-regulated by BR and ABA. In this study, we found that RAV1-overexpressing transgenic plants showed abnormally developed ovules, resulting in reduced seed size, weight, and number in a silique. Interestingly, the endogenous expression of RAV1 fluctuated during seed development; it remained low during the early stage of seed development and sharply increased in the seed maturation stage. In plants, seed development is a complex process that requires coordinated growth of the embryo, endosperm, and maternal integuments. Among many genes that are associated with endosperm proliferation and embryo development, three genes consisting of SHB1, MINI3, and IKU2 form a small unit positively regulating this process, and their expression was regulated by BR and ABA. Using the floral stage-specific RNAs, we found that the expression of MINI3 and IKU2, the two downstream genes of the SHB1-MINI3-IKU2 cascade in the seed development pathway, were particularly reduced in the RAV1-overexpressing transgenic plants. We further determined that RAV1 directly binds to the promoter of MINI3 and IKU2, resulting in their repression. Direct treatment with brassinolide (BL) improved seed development of RAV1-overexpressing plants, but treatment with ABA severely worsened it. Overall, these results suggest that RAV1 is an additional negative player in the early stages of seed development, during which ABA and BR signaling are coordinated.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2018

The cytoplasm in mammalian cells is a battlefield between the host and invading microbes. Both the living organisms have evolved unique strategies for their survival. The host utilizes a specialized autophagy system, xenophagy, for the clearance of invading pathogens, whereas bacteria secrete proteins to defend and escape from the host xenophagy. Several molecules have been identified and their structural investigation has enabled the comprehension of these mechanisms at the molecular level. In this review, we focus on one example of host autophagy and the other of bacterial defense: the autophagy receptor, NDP52, in conjunction with the sugar receptor, galectin-8, plays a critical role in targeting the autophagy machinery against Salmonella; and the cysteine protease, RavZ secreted by Legionella pneumophila cleaves the LC3-PE on the phagophore membrane. The structure-function relationships of these two examples and the directions of future research will be discussed.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.145-155
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• 2021

In this work, preliminary launch opportunities from NARO Space Center to the Sun-Earth Lagrange point are analyzed. Among five different Sun-Earth Lagrange points, L1 and L2 points are selected as suitable candidates for, respectively, solar and astrophysics missions. With high fidelity dynamics models, the L1 and L2 point targeting problem is formulated regarding the location of NARO Space Center and relevant Target Interface Point (TIP) for each different launch date is derived including launch injection energy per unit mass (C3), Right ascension of the injection orbit Apoapsis Vector (RAV) and Declination of the injection orbit Apoapsis Vector (DAV). Potential launch periods to achieve L1 and L2 transfer trajectory are also investigated regarding coasting characteristics from NARO Space Center. The magnitude of the Lagrange Orbit Insertion (LOI) burn, as well as the Orbit Maintenance (OM) maneuver to maintain more than one year of mission orbit around the Lagrange points, is also derived as an example. Even the current work has been made under many assumptions as there are no specific mission goals currently defined yet, so results from the current work could be a good starting point to extend diversities of future Korean deep-space missions.

• Plant Breeding and Biotechnology
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.123-133
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• 2017

AP2/EREBP gene family consists of transcription factor genes with a conserved AP2 DNA-binding domain and is involved in various biological processes. AP2/EREBP gene families were identified through genome-wide searches in five Cucurbitaceae species including cucumber, wild cucumber, melon, watermelon, and bitter gourd, which consisted of more than 100 genes in each of the five species. The gene families were further divided into five groups including four subfamilies (ERF, DREB, AP2 and RAV) and a soloist group. Among the subfamilies, DREB subfamily which is known to be related to abiotic stress response was more analyzed and a total of 25 genes were identified as Cucurbitaceae homologues of Arabidopsis CBF/DREB1 genes which are important for abiotic stress-response and tolerance. In silico expression profiling using RNA-Seq data revealed diverse expression patterns of cucumber AP2/EREBP genes. AP2/EREBP gene families identified in this study will be valuable for understanding the stress response mechanism as well as facilitating molecular breeding in Cucurbitaceae crops.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2000

본 논문에서는, 입력으로 주어진 사람이 직접 분할한 1장의 슬라이스의 결과로부터 인접한 슬라이스들에 대해서 자동으로 원하는 장기를 추적하여 분할하는 반자동 분할 알고리즘을 제안한다. 일반적으로. 영역 확장에 기반한 추적 방법은 객체 투영. 초기 영역(seed) 추출, 그리고 영역확장에 의한 윤곽선 결정의 세 단계로 이루어진다. 이 때 의료 영상의 특성 상 장기들 사이의 경계가 모호한 경우 잘못 선택된 초기 영역은 최종 윤곽선이 장기 안쪽으로 파고 들거나 주변 영역으로 퍼져 나가는 결과를 만들 수 있다. 제안한 알고리즘에서는 영상의 특성을 이용하여 분할하려는 장기와 비슷한 밝기 값을 가지는 주변 장기와 붙어 있는 부분에서 주의 깊게 초기 영역을 선택해 줌으로써. 적절한 경계를 얻을 수 있으며, 경사도가 낮은 영역에서 깨끗한 윤곽선을 얻지 못하는 영역 확장 방법의 문제점의 해결을 위하여 Fourier descriptor를 사용한 후처리(post-Processing) 방법을 제안하였다. 또한, 양 방향 추적을 통해서 새로운 영역이 나타났을 때에도 놓치지 않고 찾아낼 수 있다. 본 논문에서 제안한 알고리즘을 1mm 간격의 82장의 X선 CT 영상에서 좌우측 신장 분할에 적용한 결과 만족할 만한 결과를 얻었다.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2000

최근 디지털 텔레비젼전 및 고해상도(High Definition) 텔레비전용 표시장치로 교류형 풀랴즈마 디스플레이가 각광 받고 있다. 상용화되고 있는 교류형 플라즈마 디스플레이의 구조를 보면 3전극행 면방전형(three electrodes surface discharge type)이 주류이다. 재의 효율은 11m/W의 수준으로 본격적인 상용화를 위해서는 효율의 향상이 관건이다. 효율 향상올 위해서는 패널 구조(Panel structure)의 개선도 필요하지만 주어진 구조에서 최대한의 효율을 갖도록하는 구동방법의 최적화가 선결 과제이다. 교류형 플라즈마 디스플레이의 방전 이미지는 연속되는 방전 발광에 의해 이루어 진다. 대부분의 전략 소모는 연속되논 발광을 위한 유지 방전에서 소모되기 때운에 유지방전의 파형의 최적화는 고 방전 효율을 위한 중요한 과제이다. 구동 방식으로서는 ADS(Address and Display period Separated) 구동이라는 방식이 일반적으로 널리 쓰이고 있다. 이 구동법의 평균 유지방전 주파수는 수십 [kHz]이지만 실제 주파수는 100[kHz]에서 200[kHz] 사이의 상당히 높은 값이다. 본 연구 결과에 따르면 형광체가 가시광을 방출시킬 때 형광체 재료의 특성상 감쇄시간(Decay Time)이 수 ms에 이른다. 만약 감쇄 시간이 유지방전 펄스으 주기보다 길다면 방전에서 만들어진 진공자외선(Vacuum Ultra Violet Rav)이 가시광으로 변환애 효과적으로 이용되지 못한다. 결국 발광 효율은 유지방전 주파수에 비례하여 감소한다. 결론적으로 말해 저 주파수 유지 방전으로 발광효율을 크게 개선할 수 있다.

• Genes and Genomics
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• 제40권11호
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• pp.1181-1197
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• 2018

Tropical plant rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is the sole source of commercial natural rubber and low-temperature stress is the most important limiting factor for its cultivation. To characterize the gene expression profiles of H. brasiliensis under the cold stress and discover the key cold stress-induced genes. Three cDNA libraries, CT (control), LT2 (cold treatment at $4^{\circ}C$ for 2 h) and LT24 (cold treatment at $4^{\circ}C$ for 24 h) were constructed for RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and gene expression profiling. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was conducted to validate the RNA-Seq and gene differentially expression results. A total of 1457 and 2328 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LT2 and LT24 compared with CT were respectively detected. Most significantly enriched KEGG pathways included flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis, Pentose and glucuronate interconversions, phenylalanine metabolism and starch and sucrose metabolism. A total of 239 transcription factors (TFs) were differentially expressed following 2 h or/and 24 h of cold treatment. Cold-response transcription factor families included ARR-B, B3, BES1, bHLH, C2H, CO-like, Dof, ERF, FAR1, G2-like, GRAS, GRF, HD-ZIP, HSF, LBD, MIKC-MADS, M-type MADS, MYB, MYB-related, NAC, RAV, SRS, TALE, TCP, Trihelix, WOX, WRKY, YABBY and ZF-HD. The genome-wide transcriptional response of rubber tree to the cold treatments were determined and a large number of DEGs were characterized including 239 transcription factors, providing important clues for further elucidation of the mechanisms of cold stress responses in rubber tree.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.17-24
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• 1958

Since Kesser first described in 1934 the functional change of the autonomic nervous system caused by certain visible rays many researchers have unanimously approved that animals flashed with a red visible ray develop parasympathicotony while those flashed with a blue visible ray develop sympathicotony. On the other hand through studies made by our colleagues it is now well known that the inner-movement of the retinal pigments of frogs is stimulated in sympathicotony and is in reverse inhibited in parasimpathicotony. It is almost evident that the mechanism by which the inner-movement of the retinal pigments is due to sympathicotony derived from the excessive secretion of adrenalin. In addition , through may recent experiments on the pharmacological action of various medicines on the retinal pigments reaction of tadpoles , ranging from the excessive secretion of adrenalin. In addition , through my recent experiments on the pharmacologtical action of various medicines on the retinal pigments reaction of tadploes, raging from every developmental stage , Ifound that the movement of the retinal pigments by adrenalin is predominant in the earlier developmental stages of taopoles around 11 mm of body length, whereas other medicines fail to give any responce to the retinal pigments in such an earlier stage. When tadpoles grown to body length of 15-16m the retinal pigments move to the complete light position while kept in adrenalin solution. Based on these facts it might be well to consider that if tadpoles were grown under the visible rays for a given period, they might show a functional change of the autonomic nervous system and thereby cause of certain change in the physciological phases of the retinal reaction. Experiments were undertaken to find this matter and also to discover the simultaneous effects of the visible radiations on the developmental process of tadpoles. The results summarized as follows ; 1. The longest wave of visible rav has an effective reaction on the growth of body length of taopoles, while the shortest wave of visible ray causes the same for the metamorphoric differentiation of tadpoles. 2. When keeping two groups of tadpoles the first group of 15 mm body length grown for the period of one week and the latter group of 20 mm body length grown for two weeks under the various visible rays. swimming in adrenalin solution, the inner-movement of the retinal pigment occurs in both groups. The movement of pigments of the first group is accelerated in a sequence of blue ray \ulcorner green ray > brown ray> red ray, and that of the latter group is also accelerated in a sequence of blue ray>green ray > brown ray and red ray. 3. When keeping tow groups of tadpoles, the first group of 20 mm body length grown for the period of two weeks, the latter group of 25 m body length grown for three wheeks, under the various visible rays in sunlight, the inner-movement of the retinal pigments occurs in both groups. The movement of pigments of the first group is accelerated in a sequence of blue ray> green ray>brown ray and red ray, and that of the latter group is also accelerated in a sequence of blue ray > brow ray>red ray. 4. In order words, there facts manifest that tadpoles grown under the various visible rays reveal functional disturbances of the autonomic nervous system, at the time of 15 mm body length by adrenalin solution, which is a unique indicator illustrating the status of sympathicotony, and at the time of 20 mm body length by sunlight. This means that the longest visible ray cause sympathicotony, while the shortest visible ray causes parasympathicotony.