• Journal of architectural history
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• v.5 no.2 s.10
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• pp.53-68
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• 1996

This study is on the early historical background and the process of development of modern architecture in Thai, during the period from 1782(King Rama 1) to 1934(King Rama 7). Thai started tn form a connection with western nations from the late 18C, founded the Bangkok Dynasty. Since then, Thai was increasingly influenced by western civilization and this trend included an increasing influence of western architecture. In this paper, the centeral objective is to observe the architectural change during the period from King Rama 1(1782-1809) to King Rama 7(1925-1934). This can be divided into three period. During the first period, from King Rama 1 to King Rama 3(1824-1851), Thai architecture showed a tendency to follow the preceding traditional example and to imitate Chinese architecture. The second period is from King Rama 4(1851-1868) to King Rama 5(1868-1910). During this period, Thai architectural design was increasingly influenced by western concepts, specially European Neo-classicism Style. During the third period, from King Rama 6(1910-1925) to King Rama 7(1925-1934), Thu had been enjoying extensive commerce with western nations. The great developments in the field of architecture during this reign were apparent in the construction of public utilities and facilities. These buildings were designed by western architects. At this time, modern architectural concept of western was introduced.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.43-75
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• 2011

The article focuses on the impact and Acceptance of Hindu culture in Modern Southeast Asian Buddhism. The purpose of this study is to examine critically the influential epic Ramayana on Siam culture, Thai Ramayana version 'Ramakien', reveal instances of Buddhist Modification. The Ramayana by the great sage Valmiki is considered by Indians to be the first great literary work to be produced in India. The influence of this work is to be seen not only through centuries but even in other countries, such as Thailand where there are modified modern versions. In this paper, I have three objectives : (1) I may discuss the epic Ramayana of India gave birth to the Ramakien of Thailand. In modern times Valmiki's epic was made to fit the spiritual trends current in the new Chakri dynasty, which were themselves based on Brahmanic tradition and Theravada buddhism. With regarding to the structure of the Traibhumi cosmography, and the relationship between merit and power implied by this cosmography ranks all beings from demons to deities in a hierarchy of merit which accrues according to karma the actions of past lives. (2) I analyze how to have attempted to dissect the Hindi and Thai version of the Ramayana. The Hindu concept of kingship is also depicted in the life of Rama. The Hindus see in Rama the norm of a true Hindu life characterized by the Caste and Dharma. In Thai transformed version, it does not preach Hindu values of personal or social life. The Ramakien emphasized that the Buddhism were higher than all other laws, and that the King is regarded as the incarnation of Phra Ram, and thus is also the narration of the righteous buddhist ruler. (3) I discuss how cultural or social contexts can influence the structure of the royal Wat. The whole epic was painted by the order of Rama I in the galleries of the Wat Phra Keo. In other words, it is the very centre of the dynastic cult enshrining the Emerald Buddha, the most iconic expression of the Ramakien tradition were officially amalgamated. Rama I was continued the process of elaborating and stabilizing the complex religious pattern, with Buddhism at the pinnacle. My finding will support the idea that the Ramakien is particularly appealing to the Thai people because it presents the image of an ideal king, Rama, who symbolizes the force of virtue or dharma while Thotsakan represents the force of evil. Eventually the force of good prevails. Being Buddhists, the Thai poets bring into the story the Buddhist philosophy(especially, the law of cause and effect, karma). This paper examines the role of the Hindu epic Ramayana in the historical and cultural contact between Hindu India and Buddhist Southeast Asia. It should now be possible to evaluate what elements of Hindu culture were transmitted into Thai through the Rama story.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.10.1-10.8
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• 2020

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of a self-adhering flowable composite (Dyad Flow) and a bulk-fill flowable composite (Smart Dentin Replacement [SDR]) to several pulp-capping materials, including MTA Plus, Dycal, Biodentine, and TheraCal. Materials and Methods: Eighty acrylic blocks with 2-mm-deep central holes that were 4 mm in diameter were prepared and divided into 2 groups (n = 40 each) according to the composite used (Dyad Flow or SDR). They were further divided into 4 sub-groups (n = 10 each) according to the pulp-capping agent used. SBS was tested using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance. A p value of < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Results: A statistically significant difference (p = 0.040) was found between Dyad Flow and SDR in terms of bond strength to MTA Plus, Dycal, Biodentine, and TheraCal. Conclusions: Among the 8 sub-groups, the combination of TheraCal and SDR exhibited the highest SBS.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.1-20
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• 2009

This research tries to review the history and concepts of Thai temple mural painting. According to the research results, the history of Thai mural painting dates back to the late 14th century when Wat Chedi Chet Taeo in Si Satchanalai was built. The Sinhalese elements embedded in the Sukhothai murals are also found in the Ayuthayan stupa murals made in the early 15th century. The mid 18th century's Burmese invasion into Ayuthaya destroyed most of Buddhist temples in the Kingdom of Ayuthaya and as a result, Buddhist murals of the late Ayuthayan age are hardly found except for some temple murals located outside of the capital. The late Ayuthayan murals are much different from the early Ayuthayan murals in that they are narrative in depicting Jataka and the life of Lord Buddha. This classical mural painting culminated in the age of Rama III of Bangkok Dynasty. His successor Rama IV undertook westernized reforms which influenced the area of traditional mural painting. Consequently, new western style Buddhist mural paintings were produced while themes of mural painting were enlarged to the other subjects such as historical recording of royal and social events. This trend continued in the age of Rama V but the development of Thai Buddhist mural painting discontinued after the death of Rama V due to the rapid westernization and decrease of illiteracy. The existing Buddhist murals produced on or before the reign of Rama V are deteriorating and disappearing. The reasons for this are partly because of Thailand's humid climate. However, some social backgrounds such as the lack of concern for preserving old Buddhist murals can not be disregarded. Considering the substantial value of Thai Buddhist murals as a cultural resource in Thai society, it is very urgent to establish appropriate conservation policy for them.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.212-221
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• 1999

Mechanical properties of polypropylene filled with recycled rubber dusts obtained from the buffing process in sport shoe sole manufacture were investigated. The use of these dusts eliminates the need for the size reduction process which is usually employed in rubber recycling. Two different waxes, polypropylene wax and ethylene vinyl acetate wax, were used in the PP/rubber dust compound. Two different processes, extrusion and injection moulding, were used to study the influence of the blends on the properties. The waxes gave significant improvement in the shaping of the extrudate. It was found that the impact strength of the injection moulded samples were higher than the extruded samples and the virgin PP. The tensile properties (yield stress and modulus) were dependent on the amount of rubber dust addition. An increase in the rubber dust loading gave lower yield stress and modulus.

• International Journal of CAD/CAM
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2002

Computer-Aided Reliable and Optimal Design (CAROD) system is an efficient tool defining the best compromise between cost and safety. Using the concurrent engineering concept, it can supply the designer with all numerical information in the design process. This system integrates several fields such as multidisciplinary optimization, reliability analysis, finite element analysis, geometrical modeling, sensitivity analysis and concurrent engineering. When integrating these disciplines, many difficulties are found such as model coupling and computational time. In this paper, we propose a new concurrent methodology satisfying the reliability requirement, allowing the coupling of different models and reducing the computational time. Two applications (rotating disk and hook structures) demonstrate that CAROD system can be a practical concurrent engineering application for designers.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.9.1-9.9
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• 2021

Objectives: This randomized clinical trial aimed to assess the effectiveness of buccal infiltration with piroxicam on the anesthetic efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) with buccal infiltration in irreversible pulpitis, with pain assessed using the Heft-Parker visual analogue scale (HP-VAS). Materials and Methods: This study included 56 patients with irreversible pulpitis in mandibular molars, randomly distributed between 2 groups (n = 28). After evaluating the initial pain score with the HP-VAS, each patient received IANB followed by buccal infiltration of 2% lignocaine with adrenaline (1:80,000). Five minutes later, the patients in groups 1 and 2 were given buccal infiltration with 40 mg/2 mL of piroxicam or normal saline, respectively. An access opening procedure (AOP) was performed 15 minutes post-IANB once the individual showed signs of lip numbness as well as 2 negative responses to electric pulp testing. The HP-VAS was used to grade the patient's pain during caries removal (CR), AOP, and working length measurement (WLM). Successful anesthesia was identified either by the absence of pain or slight pain through CR, AOP, and WLM, with no requirement of a further anesthetic dose. A statistical analysis was done using the Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: The piroxicam group presented a significantly lower (p < 0.05) mean pain score than the saline group during AOP. Conclusions: Buccal infiltration with piroxicam enhanced the efficacy of anesthesia with IANB and buccal infiltration with lignocaine in patients with irreversible pulpitis.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.102-114
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• 2022

Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) is a gram-negative, broad host range bacterial pathogen which causes soft rot disease in potatoes as well as other vegetables worldwide. While Pectobacterium infection relies on the production of major cell wall degrading enzymes, other virulence factors and the mechanism of genetic adaptation of this pathogen is not yet clear. In the present study, we have performed an in-depth genome-wide characterization of Pcc strain ICMP5702 isolated from potato and compared it with other pathogenic bacteria from the Pectobacterium genus to identify key virulent determinants. The draft genome of Pcc ICMP5702 contains 4,774,457 bp with a G + C content of 51.90% and 4,520 open reading frames. Genome annotation revealed prominent genes encoding key virulence factors such as plant cell wall degrading enzymes, flagella-based motility, phage proteins, cell membrane structures, and secretion systems. Whereas, a majority of determinants were conserved among the Pectobacterium strains, few notable genes encoding AvrE-family type III secretion system effectors, pectate lyase and metalloprotease in addition to the CRISPR-Cas based adaptive immune system were uniquely represented. Overall, the information generated through this study will contribute to decipher the mechanism of infection and adaptive immunity in Pcc.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.42-45
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• 2003

본 논문은 무선개인통신(PCS)환경에서 기존의 자원경매다중접속(RAMA)방법이 가지고 있는 단점을 보완할 수 있는 새로운 자원경매다중접속방법(MRAMA)을 제안하기 위한 것이다 제안된 방법은 경매표 개념을 도입하여 슬럿 할당 주기 상에서 경매 슬럿(slot)을 낭비하는 단점을 보완할 수 있으며, 할당 주기마다 갱신되는 경매테이블을 채택하고 선점 및 비선점 우선순위규칙이 혼합된 방법을 활용함으로써 빠르고 유연하게 접속, 핸드오프, 자원할당이 가능해진다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 환경에서의 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안된 MRAMA방법이 기존의 RAMA에 비해 더 향상된 성능을 보이고 있음을 증명한다.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.89-110
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• 2021

The Ramayana is a very popular epic in Southeast Asia. It is the story of King Rama who must save his kidnapped wife, Sita. After Sita was abducted by the Demon King Ravana (Tosakanth) and taken to Lanka, Rama and his brother rescued her with the help of the monkey warriors, especially with the help of the Monkey King Hanuman. Along the way, the epic teaches Hindu life lessons. Today The Ramayana is told and retold through literature, theatre, orally, in movies, and is referenced in many other forms of popular culture. Nowadays, in Thailand, Ravana and Hanuman deconstruct the role of divine and become folk deities that also find their places in calendar art, advertising and stamps, etc. And in Vietnam, Ravana and Hanuman have become the two figures that can't be absent from Southern Vietnam Khmer ceremonies. In this article, our aim is to show how Ravana and Hanuman became symbols of popular culture (case studies in Thailand and Vietnam). The data provided in this article is drawn from field surveys with reliable reference resources.