• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.294-303
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• 2020

This study aimed to examine was conducted to the ability of microclimate control in old pine forests by surveying pine forest in Buddhist temples, where the pine forest are stably growing through active protection in the Gyeongnam region, and comparing variation characteristics of microclimate characteristics (temperature and humidity) and distribution of vegetation type. The study sites were pine forests protected well by Buddhist temples (Haein-sa, Beomeo-sa, Tongdo-sa, and Bulguk-sa) in the southeast region of Korea and thus known for stably growing young pine trees. According to the vegetation distribution status analysis, these pine forests did not have a high ratio of pine trees. Except for Tongdo-sa, the ratio of deciduous forest and mixed (deciduous and pine trees) forest had a much larger presence than that of pine forest. Measured data of microclimate showed that the Tongdo-sa area had significantly different characteristics compared to the other three areas. Tongdo-sa area showed a significantly higher diurnal range of temperatures and humidity than the other three areas, in both spring and summer. It is due to the difference in vegetation management. The forests around Tongdo-sa are mostly pine forests, except for the developed areas, while those in the other three areas have a dominant ratio of deciduous brad-leaved forests. Intensive control of pine forest is not effective in mitigating microclimate, i.e., temperature and air humidity. Stress caused by rising temperatures and decreasing air humidity is blamed for the decline of pine forests. Thus, the current active management of pine forests, such as the Tongdo-sa case, has been found to have a greater negative impact on the temperature and humidity stress. Therefore, we believe that a new change in forest management is necessary to increase the effect of mitigating the microclimate of pine forests.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.24 no.1 s.62
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• pp.39-44
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• 1985

This study was undertaken to select a suitable Korean tissue paper for Baermann funnel method. Ten kinds of five manufacturers were evaluated as to nematode extraction efficiency in Baermann funnel. 'Crown Hankie'(Korea Special Paper Co., Ltd.) had suitable properties in nematode permeability and strength regardless of three soil types, loamy sand, sandy loam and clay loam. The number of nematodes extracted using 'Crown Hankie' 4 ply was 198, while that of 'Cottonwool Nematode Filter' was 227. Un-perfumed tissue papers showed higher nematode extraction efficiencies than perfumed tissue papers by 53 and 23% in 'Kleenex New Softness' and 'Monaliza Finely Soft Tissue', respectively. Among the nematode extraction efficiencies by temperatures, $15^{\circ},\;25^{\circ}\;and\;35^{\circ}C$, it was highest at $35^{\circ}C$. In experiment of evaluating nematode extraction using Baermann funnel at 12 hours interval to 92 hours, 35.3 and 40.3% of nematodes were extracted after 12 and 24 hours, respectively.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2008

This study aims to conduct the comparative analysis of the radiation dose according to before and after the calibration of the ionization chamber used for measuring radiation dose in the MDCT, as well as of $CTDI_w$ according to temperature and pressure correction factors in the CT room. A comparative analysis was conducted based on the measured MDCT (GE light speed plus 4 slice, USA) data using head and body CT dosimetric phantom, and Model 2026C electrometer (RADICAL 2026C, USA) calibrated on March 21, 2007. As a result, the $CTDI_w$ value which reflected calibration factors, as well as correction factors of temperature and pressure, was found to be the range of $0.479{\sim}3.162mGy$ in effective radiation dose than the uncorrected values. Also, under the routine abdomen routine CT image acquisition conditions used in reference hospitals, patient effective dose was measured to indicate the difference of the maximum of 0.7 mSv between before and after the application of such factors. These results imply that the calibration of the ion chamber, and the correction of temperature and pressure of the CT room are crucial in measuring and calculating patient effective dose. Thus, to measure patient radiation dose accurately, the detailed information should be made available regarding not only the temperature and pressure of the CT room, but also the humidity and recombination factor, characteristics of X-ray beam quality, exposure conditions, scan region, and so forth.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.593-598
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• 2014

In this study, we developed the carbon emission factors for 4 major species of warm-temperate region in Korea, and tried to provide their carbon emissions and removals estimates using these carbon emission factors. We selected Castanopsis cuspidata, Camellia japonica, Quercus acuta and Quercus glauca as target species and derived their carbon emission factors. The basic wood density that serve as one of the carbon emission factors were 0.583 for Castanopsis cuspidata, 0.657 for Camellia japonica, 0.833 for Quercus acuta and 0.763 for Quercus glauca and their uncertainties ranged from 5.3 to 17.9%. Biomass expansion factors were calculated as well: 1.386 for Castanopsis cuspidata, 2.621 for Camellia japonica, 1.701 for Quercus acuta and 2.123 for Quercus glauca and associated uncertainties varied from 14.7 to 30.5%. Lastly root-shoot ratios for each species were also determined: 0.454 for Castanopsis cuspidata, 0.356 for Camellia japonica, 0.191 for Quercus acuta and 0.299 for Quercus glauca with the uncertainties lying within a range from 19.8 to 35.7%. These three carbon emission factors including basic wood density had the uncertainties of less than 40% recommended by FAO. Therefore the application of country-specific emission factors seemed to provide quite accurate estimates of carbon emissions and removals. The estimation of the carbon stored in the 4 species were also conducted which amounted to $186.10tCO_2/ha$ for Castanopsis cuspidata, $280.63tCO_2/ha$ for Camellia japonica, $344.04tCO_2/ha$ for Quercus acuta and $278.91tCO_2/ha$ for Quercus glauca and their annual carbon removals were $6.65tCO_2/ha/yr$, $6.25tCO_2/ha/yr$, $11.70tCO_2/ha/yr$ and $12.29tCO_2/ha/yr$, respectively. This systematic assessment of forest resources can be a reliable source of information for managing evergreen broadleaved forest in warm temperate regions and thus serve as useful data for effective decision-making to address vegetation zone shifts due to climate change.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.561-570
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• 2008

This study aimed to determine the effects of freeze-dried onion powder (OP) which contains rich in quercetin (22 mg/10 g) on hyperlipidemic participants. Fourteen participants (total cholesterol level in plasma $270.8{\pm}21.4mg/dL$) $40{\sim}59$ years of age who were diagnosed as hyperlipidemia by a physician at Fatima Hospital in Changwon took part in this study for 12 weeks. We investigated the anthropometric data and dietary habit by using questionnaires. Also, blood samples were collected from the patients in fasting before and after this 12 weeks intervention study. 78.6% of the patients showed interest in health diet management and weight control; however, they also showed some problems in their dietary habit (meal irregularity, food choice, calorie nutrient balance, high fat and cholesterol etc.) and life style (smoking, eating out, alcohol intake) that could have adverse effect on hyperlipidemic therapy. Most participants (85.7%) thought that OP was good for their health. The total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol significantly decreased with OP intake. The HDL-cholesterol increased and the Atherogenic index (AI) significantly decreased. Regarding the correlations of dietary habit and life style with anthropometric and biochemical factors, the alcohol intake level was significantly correlated with the frequency of eating out and body mass index (BMI). Exercise level showed positive correlation with HDL-cholesterol and negative correlation with atherogenic index (AI). These results suggest that the intake of polyphenol rich onion may decrease the risk of hyperlipidemia by reducing cholesterol level. We consider these hypolipidemic effects of OP as a possible functional food. However, further research such as a well designed longterm clinical study with experimental and placebo groups is needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.548-553
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• 2010

This study was carried out to compare the physicochemical characteristics of Korean traditional wines fermented by addition of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) using different nuruks (SH and BS nuruk). The alcohol contents of the fermented wines ranged from 12.36 to 13.21%. The brix degrees of sorghum wines fermented using SH and BS nuruks were $8.6\sim17.9^{\circ}Bx$ and $7.6\sim20.0^{\circ}Bx$ on addition ratio, respectively. Wine no addedsorghum using SH and BS nuruks showed pH 3.74 and 3.40, total acidity of 1.40 and 1.51%, and 0.441 and 0.149 of turbidity. With increase of sorghum addition, brix degree, pH, turbidity and L-value decreased whereas total acidity and a-value increased. Total color difference (${\Delta}Eab$) parameters of wines fermented in 30, 70 and 100% sorghum addition using SH and BS nuruk were 4.33, 6.63 and 26.13, and 4.08, 5.29 and 10.59. Glucose content decreased with increasing amounts of sorghum. Organic acids such as lactic acid and acetic acid were predominantly detected in the fermented wine. Finally, based on sensory evaluations, the wine fermented by BS nuruk showed the best overall quality at 30% sorghum addition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.526-534
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• 2010

The prevalence rate for chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension etc. caused by the increment of national income and the change of food life according to the globalization in Korea have been increased. Especially excess sodium intake may contribute to the development of hypertension, increasing cardiovascular disease risk. The objective of this study was to investigate sodium intake of nursery school meals in Gyeonggi-Do, and to construct database for lesser sodium intake policy. Survey consisted of 601 sample intakes of sodium in summer and in winter. A food weighed record method was used for measuring food intakes. Average intakes of ten children per nursery school were measured. The sodium contents of meals were analyzed by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer) after acid digestion by microwave. The sodium contents on food groups showed that sources (693 mg/100 g), grilled foods (689 mg/100 g) and kimchies (643 mg/100 g) had respectively higher sodium contents and the average sodium intake per meal was $582\pm204$ mg. The sodium contents of soups & hot soups and kimchies had 37.5% and 15.8% of total sodium intakes per meal, respectively. Sodium intakes per meal in summer and winter showed 572.3 mg and 592.3 mg, respectively. Regional ranking of sodium intakes showed the ascending order of apartment (514.3 mg/meal), rural region (540.5 mg/meal), multiplex house (635.9 mg/meal) and industrial complex (696.4 mg/ meal). A habit of excessive sodium intakes in childhood will threaten their health when they grow up to be adults; thus lesser intake of sodium per meal is needed for children in nursery school.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.181-188
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the stress distribution characteristics of four different abutment connections on SS-$III^{(R)}$ fixture under occlusal loading, using 3-dimensional finite element method. Materials and methods: The fixture of SS-$III^{(R)}$ (Osstem, Korea) with 4 mm diameter and 11.5 mm length and 4 types of abutments were analyzed; Solid, Com-Octa, ComOcta Gold, and Octa abutment. The models were placed in the area of first molar in the mandible. The 4 loading conditions were; (1) the vertical loading of 100 N on the central fossa, (2) the vertical loading of 100 N on the buccal cusp, (3) the $30^{\circ}$ inclined loading of 100 N to lingual side on the central fossa, and (4) the $30^{\circ}$ inclined loading of 100 N to the lingual side on the buccal cusp. The 3G.Author program was used, the von-Mises stress was calculated and the stress contours were plotted on each part of the implant systems and the surrounding bone structures. Results: Regardless of abutment types and loading conditions, higher stress concentration was observed at the cortical bone. In cancellous bone, the highest stress was observed at apical portion and the maximum stress occurred at the implant neck. The higher internal stress was observed in the fixtures than in the bone. The lowest stress was observed at loading condition 1 and the stress concentration was also lower than any other loading conditions. Conclusion: Within the limitation of the result of this study, it seems that the abutment connection type does not affect much on the stress distribution of bone structure.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.321-327
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• 2019

When Aphidius colemani mummies were stored at four different temperatures (6, 8, 10 and 12 ± 1℃), they could be stored at 8℃ for 10 days with over 50% adult emergence. A number of mummies of Rhopalosiphum padi parasitized by A. colemani adults emerged from mummies after 8℃ storage clearly reduced with increasing duration of storage and especially declined with storage longer than 13 days showing < 20% parasitism. However, there were no differences in aphid parasitisms by A. colemani on 3 to 10 days after storage. Over 3 day storage at 8℃ was adversely affected on survival of A. colemani adults. Therefore, cold storage of A. colemani adults is considered as an unsuitable method for mass production of biological control agent. When 2-day-old Meteorus pulchricornis cocoons were stored at 6, 8 and 10 ± 1℃, it was possible to be stored up to 63 days at 8℃, showing the highest emergence. With increasing of cold storage duration at 8℃, parasitism on 2^nd and 3^rd larval instar of Spodoptera litura by stored M. pulchricornis significantly reduced. However, parasitic rate by M. pulchricornis stored for 2 weeks was similar to that by 1 week stored ones. Therefore, M. pulchricornis cocoons could be stored up to 2 weeks at 8℃ for stockpiling before release.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.74-82
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• 1979

Pinus densiflora S. et Z. which has the widest distribution and highest stock at present in Korea and has used as materials for fuel, house construction, furniture and many other purposes for several hundred years, is considered as one of major species of economic importance, although there are a few epidemic insect injuries and silvicultural difficulties in regeneration. However, since disorderly cutting has been conducted for long time, the valuable local stands have disappeared. Therefore immediate attempts should be taken on the gene conservation and genetic studies including heritabilities and genetic gains of desirable characters. One hundred and twently five plus trees have so far been selected from the nationwide area and kept for the purpose of seed orchard establishment and other theoretical studies. In this study, the wind pollinated seeds of grafted stocks of 13 plus trees in clone bank located in Suweon and the seeds of 4 Japanese plus trees were collected and their progenies were used for heritability study. As indicated in figure 1, thirteen plus trees are from the middle part of Korea and two experimental plantations were laid out in ]972 (1-1 stock) by the randomized block design with five replications, consisting of 10 trees line plots of each family in each replication. Tree height, root collar diameter and branch diameter at 1cm apart from the main stem were measured. The results are summarized as follows 1. The rank of height growth of each plus tree progenies by age was greatly changed under age 3 and it was affected more in poor site than good site. 2. The heritabilities of height growth were estimated to be 7.2% at age 3, negative sign at age 4, 9.4% at age 5, 13.0% at age 6, 8.1% at age 7 and abrupt increase of 63.8% at age 8. The heritabilities were generally increased with increase of age. 3. The heritabilities of root collar diameter and branch diameter (average of the three biggest branches) was 3.2% and 11.8% at age 8 respectively. 4. The genetic gain was largest at age 8 and it was 46.6% when a selection intensity, 1/500 was taken. It, therefore, seems to be reasonable that selection should not be made under age 7.