• 설비공학논문집
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.497-503
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• 2014

The performances of refrigeration truck systems using R404A and R134a were investigated by experimental testing, and compared. The optimal COPs of the R404A and R134a systems were 2.96 and 3.42, when the refrigerant charge amount was 1.3 kg and 1.4 kg, respectively. When the indoor side air temperature increased from $5^{\circ}C$ to $9^{\circ}C$, the total exergy destruction rate of the R404A system was on average 39.1% higher than that of the R134a system. In addition, the exergy efficiency of the R404A system was 12.9% higher than that of R134a system, for various indoor air temperatures. When the outdoor side air temperature increased from $25^{\circ}C$ to $35^{\circ}C$, the total exergy destruction rate of the R404A and R134a systems decreased by 18.9% and 19.5%, respectively. In addition, the exergy efficiency of the R404A and R134a systems increased by 25.2% and 30.7%, respectively. As the compressor rotating speed increased, the COP of the R404A and R134a systems decreased by 23.6% and 18.4%. The total exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency of the R404A system were 27.2% and 15.7% higher than those of R134a system, respectively. Compared to the R404A system, the R134a system showed a higher COP and a lower exergy destruction rate; thus it can be concluded that the R134a system has the better performance.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

Simulation study of a solar hybrid heat pump using R744 and R22 for residential applications was carried out according to heat pump operating temperature, outdoor temperature and solar radiation. As a result, when the heat pump operating temperature increases from $40^{\circ}C$ to $48^{\circ}C$, the COP of a R744 and R22 heat pump system decrease from 2.15 to 1.7 and from 3.09 to 2.69, respectively. Besides, as the outdoor temperature rises from $3^{\circ}C$ to $11^{\circ}C$, the COP of R744 and R22 heat pump system increase from 1.73 to 2.12 and from 2.73 to 3.02. When the solar radiation increases from 10 to 20 $MJ/m^2$, the collector operating time and collector efficiency of R744 heat pump increase 10.3 times and 50.7%, respectively. The performance of R744 solar hybird heat pump is more sensitive to operation condition compared to that of R22. Besides, the solar heating system is more effective to the R744 heat pump system.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2012

In this paper, an analysis on performance and exergy of R404A refrigeration system using R744 secondary refrigerant was performed numerically to optimize the design for the operating parameters. The operating parameters considered in this study include subcooling and superheating degree, internal heat exchanger and compression efficiency, evaporation and condensation temperature in the R404A refrigeration cycle and temperature difference of cascade heat exchanger. The main results are summarized as follows : The COP(coefficient of performance) of R404A refrigeration system increases with increasing evaporation temperature. The evaporation capacity of R744 as secondary refrigerant increases with the increase in evaporation pressure of R744 secondary refrigeration. And the enthalpy in the evaporator outlet of R744 increases with the increasing evaporation pressure of R744 secondary refrigeration. Therefore, it is important to analysis for the relationship between COP of R404A refrigeration system and refrigeration capacity of R744. As cascade evaporation temperature increase, the exergy loss of condenser and compressor using R404A is the largest among all components. Therefore, the exergy loss in the condenser and compressor using R404A must be decreased to enhance the COP of R404A refrigeration system with R744 secondary refrigerant.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.526-533
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• 2009

In this paper, cycle performance analysis of $CO_2-C_3H_8$ (R744-R290) cascade refrigeration system with internal heat exchanger is presented to offer the basic design data for the operating parameters of the system. The operating parameters considered in this study include subcooling and superheating degree and gas cooling pressure and evaporating temperature in the propane (R290) low temperature cycle and the carbon dioxide (R744) high temperature cycle. The main results were summarized as follows : The COP of cascade refrigeration system of $CO_2-C_3H_8$ (R744-R290) increases with the increasing subcooling degree, but decreases with the increasing superheating degree. The COP of cascade refrigeration system increases with the increasing evaporating temperature, but decreases with the increasing gas cooling pressure. Therefore, superheating and subcooling degree, compressor efficiency, evaporating temperature and gas cooling pressure of $CO_2-C_3H_8$ (R744-R290) cascade refrigeration system have an effect on the COP of this system.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.189-195
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• 2011

본 논문은 R744-R404A용 캐스케이드 냉동시스템의 기초 설계자료를 제공하기 위해서 COP 예측 상관식을 제안하고 그 결과를 타 상관식과 비교하였다. 작동변수로는 R404A용 고온사이클과 R744용 저온사이클의 과냉각도와 과열도, 압축기효율, 응축과 증발온도이다. 이에 대한 주요결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 다중회귀 분석을 통해 R744-R404A용 캐스케이드 냉동시스템의 성능 예측식을 제안하였고, 그 결과를 타 연구자들의 상관식과 비교하였다. 그 결과 본 연구에서 제안한 성능 예측식은 타 연구자들의 상관식과 일치하지 않았다. 따라서 향후 R744-R404A용 캐스케이드 냉동시스템에 대한 추가 실험 데이터와 본 연구에서 제안한 COP 예측 상관식을 비교하여 그 신뢰성을 확보할 필요가 있다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.21-22
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• 2008

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.202-207
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• 2016

Experimental studies for an indirect R404A-$CO_2$ refrigeration system and a direct R404A refrigeration system were conducted. The configurations of the indirect R404A-$CO_2$ refrigeration system are a R404A refrigeration system as a top cycle and a circulating $CO_2$ system as a bottom cycle. The direct R404A system was modified from indirect R404A-$CO_2$ refrigeration system by removing circuit for $CO_2$ circulation. Various tests for both systems were conducted by changing load side brine temperature from 0 to 5 and $10^{\circ}C$ with cooling brine temperatures for R404A system at 15, 20, or $25^{\circ}C$. The indirect R404A-$CO_2$ refrigeration system showed the highest COP when load side brine temperature was at $10^{\circ}C$ in the evaporator and at cooling brine temperature of $15^{\circ}C$. The COP of 3.04 under that condition was the highest. This indirect R404A-$CO_2$ refrigeration system showed 9.02% higher COP than the direct R404A system that had increased pipeline length of 15 m, which simulated actual installation in a supermarket.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2009

AfsR2 과발현 S. lividans TK21을 이용하여 DNA microarray를 수행하였다. 그 결과, phosphate starvation과 관련 있는 42개의 유전자들이 up-regulated 되었으며, 특히 SCO4139 (pstB, phosphate ABC transport system ATP-binding protein)와 SCO4142 (pstS, phosphate-binding protein precursor)는 afsR2가 phosphate와 같은 nutrient starvation에 적극적으로 관여한다는 것을 나타내며, SCO4228 (putative phosphate transport system regulatory protein)은 기존에 수행되었던 2D-electrophoresis 연구나 afsS null S. coelicolor를 이용한 DNA microarray 연구에서도 공통적으로 보고되었던 유전자로서 phosphate lilitation에 대한 afsR2의 효과가 지속적으로 검증되고 있음을 뜻한다. 또한 afsR2 과발현을 통해서 sigma factor인 SCO2954 (sigL)과 SCO5147 (sigE)의 발현이 유도되었으며 두 유전자의 구조적인 특징을 고려해 보았을 때 afsR2가 RNA polymerase와의 linker로서의 역할을 추측해 볼 수 있다. 뿐만 아니라 whi 관련 유전자들의 발현 또한 afsR2에 의해 증가되었다. 이는 afsR2가 단순히 2차 대사물질 생합성 조절에만 관여하는 것이 아니라 형태적 분화에 작용함으로써 최종적으로 여러 2차 대사물질의 합성을 유도한다고 말할 수 있다. 이러한 결과들을 토대로 afsR2가 기존에 항생제 생합성에만 관여하는 global regulatory 조절인자가 아닌 방선균이 stationary phase로 전환되는 시점에서 형태적 분화에 영향을 미치고 phosphate limitation stress를 줄여주는 2차 대사의 key-factor regulatory 유전자임을 알 수 있다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.625-631
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• 2014

$-30^{\circ}C{\sim}-50^{\circ}C$ 범위의 저온 증발온도를 얻기 위해서는 2단 압축 1단 팽창식 냉동 시스템이나 캐스케이드 냉동 시스템이 필요하다. 하지만 이러한 냉동시스템의 성능 비교에 대한 연구 결과는 대단히 부족한 실정이다. 본 논문은 R744-R404A용 캐스케이드 냉동시스템과 R404A용 2단 압축 1단 팽창식 냉동 시스템의 성능을 서로 비교한 것이다. $-30^{\circ}C{\sim}-50^{\circ}C$의 증발온도 범위에서 2단 압축 1단 팽창식 냉동시스템의 성능계수가 캐스케이드 냉동시스템 보다 약 36%~57% 정도 높다. 하지만, 2단 압축 1단 팽창식 냉동 시스템의 경우 증발온도와 압축효율 감소시에 성능계수의 변화가 커서 안정적이지 못하다. 특히, 압축효율 감소시에 성능계수가 크게 감소하는데, 이는 장기간 냉동 시스템의 사용시에 단점이 될 수 있다. 반면, R744-R404A용 캐스케이드 냉동 시스템은 자연냉매를 사용하여 친환경적이며, 고온과 저온 사이클에 사용되는 냉매의 적절한 선택에 의해서 다양한 온도영역에서 고효율 냉동 시스템을 구성할 수 있다. 위의 결과로부터, 성능과 환경적인 측면을 고려하여 용도에 따라 적합한 저온 냉동시스템을 선택하는 것이 좋으리라 판단된다.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.3-10
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• 1985

This article developes a cost-effective on-line measurement system of R - R intervals in ECG. The system is composed of a R peak detector, a timer and an Apple II computer (a 6502 microprocessor and memories). The system measures the R - R intervals in msec and stores them in a disk, for off-line analysis. A circuit diagram of the R peak detector and programs for controlling the microprocessor are presented.