• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.424-433
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• 2017

Antioxidants are used in the manufacturing of commercial food packages made of polyolefin plastic such as polyethylene and polypropylene for the purpose to delay the oxidation reaction of the polymer due to oxygen or traces of ozone in the atmosphere. Additives in plastics may be migrated from the packaging materials into foods, thereby presenting a potential health risk to the consumer. Therefore, it is necessary to determine migration level of antioxidants from food packaging materials to foodstuffs in order to take proactive management. In this study, we have developed a method for the analysis of 10 antioxidants, which are butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), Cyanox 2246, 425 and 1790, Irgafos 168, and Irganox 1010, 1330, 3114 and 1076, migrated from the food packaging materials into four food simulants for aqueous, acidic, alcoholic and fatty foods. The antioxidants were determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatograph-ultraviolet detector with 276 nm after solid-phase extraction with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) cartridge or dilution with isopropanol. The analytical method showed a good linearity of coefficient ($R^2{\geq}0.99$), limits of detection (0.11~0.41 mg/L), and limits of quantification (0.34~1.24 mg/L). The recoveries of antioxidants spiked to four food simulants ranged from 71.3% to 109.4%. The migrated antioxidants in this study were within the safety levels that resulted from the safety assessment by the estimated daily intake to the tolerable daily intake.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.434-442
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• 2017

The UV light in sunlight breaks down the chemical bonds in a polyolefin polymer through a process called photodegradation, ultimately causing cracking, chalking, colour changes, and loss of physical properties such as impact strength, tensile strength, elongation, and others. UV absorbers are used to prevent or terminate the oxidation of plastics by UV light. They are receptive to UV radiation and dissipate the energy harmlessly as heat. Benzotriazoles and benzophenones are used mainly in polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene. In this study, we have developed a method for the analysis of 12 UV absorbers, which are Uvinul 3000, Cyasorb UV 24, Uvinul 3040, Tinuvin 312 and P, Seesorb 202, Chimassorb 81, Tinuvin 329, 234, 326, 328 and 327, migrated from the food packaging materials into four food simulants for aqueous, acidic, alcoholic and fatty foods. The UV absorbers in food simulants were determined by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatograph-ultraviolet detector with 310 nm after solid-phase extraction with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) cartridge or dilution with isopropanol. The analytical method showed a good linearity of coefficient ($R^2{\geq}0.99$), limits of detection (0.049~0.370 mg/L), and limits of quantification (0.149~1.120 mg/L). The recoveries of UV absorbers spiked to four food simulants ranged from 70.05% to 110.13%. The developed method would be used as a reliable tool to determine concentrations of the migrated UV absorbers.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.298-305
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• 2017

Benzovindiflupyr is a new pyrazole carboxamide fungicide that inhibits succinate dehydrogenase of mitochondrial respiratory chain. This study was carried out to develop an analytical method for the determination of benzovindiflupyr residues in agricultural commodities using LC-MS/MS. The benzovindiflupyr residues in samples were extracted by using acetonitrile, partitioned with dichloromethane, and then purified with silica solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. Correlation coefficient ($r^2$) of benzovindiflupyr standard solution was 0.99 over the calibration ranges ($0.001{\sim}0.5{\mu}g/mL$). Recovery tests were conducted on 5 representative agricultural commodities (mandarin, green pepper, potato, soybean, and hulled rice) to validate the analytical method. The recoveries ranged from 79.3% to 110.0% and then relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 9.1%. Also the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.0005 and 0.005 mg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of interlaboratory validation ranged from 83.4% to 117.3% and the coefficient of variation (CV) was 9.0%. All results were followed with Codex guideline (CAC/GL 40) and Ministry of Food and Safety guideline (MFDS, 2016). The proposed new analytical method proved to be accurate, effective, and sensitive for benzovindiflupyr determination and would be used as an official analytical method.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.307-318
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine effects of brewery meal-based fermented feedstuff supplemented with Aspergillus oryzae(AO) or Saccharomyces cerevisiae(SC) on luminal micro-organism of Korean native cattle. Two cows equipped with luminal cannulas were used as experimental animals. Experiment was done with three treatment groups: $71.5\%$ of commercial feed and $28.5\%$ of com silage(control): $45.0\%$ of commercial feed, $26.5\%$ of fermented feedstuff supplemented with AO and $28.5\%$ of corn silage(TAO): $45.0\%$ of commercial feed, $26.5\%$ of fermented ffedstuff supplemented with SC and $28.5\%$ of corn silage(TSC). The number of total viable bacteria (p<0.05), anaerobic fungi and protozoa(p<0.05) was higher in TAO and TSC than in control. The number of proteolytic bacteria(p<0.05), cellulolytic bacteria and xylan fermenters tended to be higher in TAO and TSC than in control. The dry matter recovery (DMR) of protozoa was higher in TAO and TSC than in control(p<0.05). The crude protein (CP) content of total microbes and protozoa was higher in TSC than in control and TAO (p<0.05). The CP content of bacteria was higher in TAO and TSC than in control(p<0.05). The ether extract(EE) content of the total microbes was higher in TAO than in control and TSC(p<0.05), and the EE of protozoa and bacteria were higher in TSC than in control and TAO(p<0.05). The ratio of essential amino acids of total microbe was higher in control than in TAO and TSC(p<0.05). The ratio of methionine and alanine of bacteria was higher in TAO and TSC than in control(p<0.05). The results suggested that the feeding of fermented feedstuff supplemented with AO or SC had an influence on the numbers of ruminal microorganism and the changes of microbial body composition.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.297-306
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• 2005

This study was conducted to compare and evaluate fermentable and nutritional characteristics of brewery meal-based fermented feedstuffs supplemented with Aspergillus oryzae (AO) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC). Experiments were divided into three treatment groups; fermented feedstuff supplemented with $1\%$ of AO(FFAO), fermented feedstuff supplemented with $1\%$ of SC(FFSC), and fermented feedstuff supplemented with $0.5\%$ of AO and $0.5\%$ of SC(FFAS). For changes of crude protein contents by 48 h fermentation, there were no significant differences among treatments. Ether extract(EE) contents were significantly increased by 48 h fermentation (p<0.05). Neutral detergent fiber(NDF) contents of FFAO, FFSC and FFAS were significantly decreased by 48 h fermentation(p<0.05), but acid detergent fiber(ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents were not different. The pH of FFAO and FFAS was decreased more rapidly than that of FFSC(p<0.05), reaching a plateau after 24 h. Alcohol content was increased rapidly until 18 h in FFAO and was increased rapidly until 12 h in FFSC and FFAS, and alcohol content of FFAO, FFSC and FFAS was maintained constantly after 24 h. The ammonia N content of FFAO, FFSC and FFAS was 0.022, 0.073 and $0.040\%$ at 48 h, respectively, and then ammonia N was over twice higher in FFSC than in FFAO and FFAS(p<0.05). Dextrose content was increased until 6 h in FFAO but was rapidly decreased in FFSC and FFAS until 6 h(p<0.05). Lactate content was higher in FFAO and FFAS than in FFSC(p<0.05). Consequently, when we added AO in formulation of fermented feedstuff with brewery meal which moisture content was high, EE, alcohol, and lactate contents were increased, but NDF and ammonia N contents were reduced. Therefore, it is expected that AO will be effective to increase the feed value and the preservation of fermented feedstuff with a high moisture content.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.279-310
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• 2015

The Montreal Convention is an agreement that governs the liability of air carriers for injury and death to passengers travelling internationally by air. The Montreal Convention serves as the exclusive legal framework for victims and survivors seeking compensation for injuries or death arising from accidents involving international air travel. The Montreal Convention sets monetary liability caps on damages in order to promote the financial stability of the international airline transport industry and protect the industry from exorbitant damages awards in courts that would inevitably bankrupt an airline. The Convention allows a litigant suing under the Convention to avoid the liability caps in instances where the airline's culpability for the injury or death is the direct result of negligence, another wrongful act, or an omission of the airline or its agents. The Montreal Convention identifies specific locations as appropriate venues to advance claims for litigants seeking compensation. These venues are closely tied to either the carrier's business operations or the passenger's domicile. In March 2015, in an act of suicide stemming from reactive depression, the co-pilot of Germanwings flight 9525 intentionally crashed the aircraft into the French Alps killing the passengers and the remaining crew. Subsequent to the crash, there were media reports that Lufthansa made varying settlement offers to families of the passengers who died aboard the flight ranging from $8,300 USD to $4.5 Million USD depending on the passengers' citizenship. The unverified offers by Lufthansa prompted outcries from the families of the decedent passengers that they would institute suit against the airline in a more plaintiff friendly jurisdiction such as the United States. The first part of this article accomplishes two goals. First, it examines the Montreal Convention's venue requirement along with an overview of the recoverable damages from countries comprising the citizenship of the passengers who were not American. The intentional crash of Germanwings flight 9525 by its First Officer encompasses the possibility that Lufthansa may be exposed to unlimited compensatory damages beyond the liability caps contained in the Convention. The second part of this article explores the application of the Convention's liability limits to the Germanwings flight to demonstrate that the likelihood of escaping the liability limits is slim.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.139-155
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• 2014

This study is to examine the linkage of volatility between changes in the stock market of India and other countries through the integration of the world economy. The results were as follows: First, autocorrelation or serial correlation did not exist in the classic RS model, but long-term memory was present in the modified RS model. Second, unit root did not exist in the unit root test for all periods, and the series were a stable explanatory power and a long-term memory with the normal conditions in the ARFIMA model. Third, in the multivariate asymmetric BEKK and VAR model before the financial crisis, it showed that there was a strong influence of the own market of Taiwan and UK in the conditional mean equation, and a strong spillover effect from Japan to India, from Taiwan to China(Korea, US), from US(Japan) to UK in one direction. In the conditional variance equation, GARCH showed a strong spillover effect that indicated the same direction as the result of ARCH coefficient of the market itself. Asymmetric effects in three home markets and between markets existed. Fourth, after the financial crisis, in the conditional mean equation, only the domestic market in Taiwan showed strong influences, and strong spillover effects existed from India to US, from Taiwan to Japan, from Korea to Germany in one direction. In the conditional variance equation, strong spillover effects were the same as the result of the pre-crisis and asymmetric effect in the domestic market in UK was present, and one-way asymmetric effect existed in Germany from Taiwan. Therefore, the results of this study presented the linkage between the volatilities of the stock market of India and other countries through the integration of the world economy, observing and confirming the asymmetric reactions and return(volatility) spillover effects between the stock market of India and other countries.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.171-178
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sperm viability, normal acrosome and mitochondrial activity in the frozen-thawed fowl semen by different cryoprotectants. The experiment was carried out on 10 sexually adult roosters of Ogye. The semen was collected twice a week and pooled semen was diluted 1:1 EK extender containing no cryoprotectant at $5^{\circ}C$. After equilibration for 30 minutes, diluted chicken semen was diluted 1:1 extender containing either 7% dimethylacetamide (DMA), 7% dimethylformamide (DMF) or 7.5% methylacetamide (MA) at final concentration and was put in 0.5 mL plastic straws and frozen for 30 minutes by exposure to liquid nitrogen vapor 4 cm above the surface of liquid nitrogen, followed by plunging into liquid nitrogen. Frozen semen was thawed in water bath at $5^{\circ}C$ for 2 minutes. For cytometric analysis, the frozen-thawed semen was diluted with EK extender to a final concentration of 90 million spermatozoa per mL. Sperm membrane integrity was evaluated as SYBR-14 and propidium iodide (PI). Acrosome integrity was assessed with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled PSA and PI. The percentage of mitochondrial function was estimated by using Rhodamine123 (R123) and PI. In conclusion, freezing rooster semen by using 7% DMF as cryoprotectant was significantly highest in rates of survival and mitochondrial function while its rate of damage of acrosome was significantly lowest. As a result, DMF is the cryoprotectant that has the lowest influences on sperm membranes and acrosome integrity. Therefore it could be used for freezing method of animal genetic conservation method for poultry diversity.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.253-262
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• 2013

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of floor type and heating system on performance, housing environment and health status of ducks reared in three types of duck house (OD : Open floor house-Direct heating system, OF : Open floor house-Floor heating system and LD : Loft type house-Direct heating system). In OF treatment, PVC pipes were installed for heating under concrete floor and covered with litter. In LD treatment, plastic mesh was installed 50 cm above the floor so that duck's droppings can pass through it. Each treatment had four replicates of 25 birds (Cherry Valley duck breed) per pen. There were no significant differences in weight gain and feed intake of ducks for 6 weeks among all treatments. However, feed conversion ratio in LD was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that in OF. No differences were found in carcass charac- teristics, with the exception of abdominal fat weight where OF were higher than the others. Concentrations of $CO_2$ and $NH_3$ gas in OD were higher than those of OF and LD at 3, 4 and 5 weeks. Moisture content in litter of OF was lower than that of OD. In contrast, the amount of dust in the air was higher in OF than in OD. The amount of fuel used for 6 weeks in LD was lower about 21% than that in OD. Some of unusual symptoms were observed in open floor house and loft type house, such as lying, spraddle legged, twisted ankle and legs, wounded sole, or etc. No components of leukocyte and erythrocyte of blood were significantly different among all treatments. The results of this experiment showed that OF and LD systems had no positive effects on performance of meat type commercial duck. However, there were some positive effects of certain house type for the improvement of environmental condition in duck house for hygienic production. In the future, more research on the effect of various facilities and systems for duck house is needed.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.707-713
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to select yogurt starter from Korean traditional fermented foods. The 2 strains (KM24, KM32) among 50 strains of isolated lactic acid bacteria selected as starter based on milk clotting ability, antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, tolerance in artificial gastric and bile juice and growth in 10 % skimmed milk. The strains were identified as Lacobacillus plantarum (KM32) and Pediococcus pentosacesus (KM24) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Viable cell number of yogurt fermented with mixed strains (KM24 and KM32) was 9.66 log CFU/mL after fermentation for 48 h and maintained $10^9CFU/mL$ during fermentation for 72 h at $37^{\circ}C$. The pH and titratable acidity of mixed cultured yogurt were 4.25% and 0.83% after fermentation for 48 h at $37^{\circ}C$, respectively. The physico-chemical characteristics of mixed cultured yogurt after fermentation for 48 h were $38.45{\mu}g/mL$ (polyphenol content), 48.57% (DPPH radical scavenging activity) and 465.40 cp (viscosity), respectively. The mixed cultured yogurt maintained $10^9CFU/mL$ of lactic acid bacteria during storage 10 days at $4^{\circ}C$. The viable cell number of yogurt prepared with mixed culture(KM32+KM24) maintained higher and than that of control (L. casei) during storage. These results indicated the potential use of selected strains (KM32+KM24) isolated from kimchi as a yogurt starter with strong acid tolerance and probiotics properties.