• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1464-1470
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• 2005

To assure the safety of the major edible seaweeds, we collected the 176 samples of seaweeds such as laver(Porphyra sp.), sea mustard (Undaria pinnatifida), sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) and sea lettuce (Enter-omorph sp.) from Korean coast. We investigated the contents of the trace metals in the edible seaweeds, and the values were expressed as the dry weight of sea weeds. The mean levels of the trace metals were high in the oder of Zn ($36.19{\pm}27.14 \;{\mu}g/g$), Mn ($28.75{\pm}28.03\;{\mu}g/g$), and Cu ($6.82{\pm}7.62\;{\mu}g/g$), which are necessary metals in the human body, and then followed by Cr ($1.54{\pm}2.07\;{\mu}g/g$), Ni ($1.29{\pm}2.57\;{\mu}g/g$), Pb ($0.89{\pm}1.11\;{\mu}g/g$), Cd ($0.72{\pm}0.80\;{\mu}g/g$) and Hg ($0.01{\pm}0.02\;{\mu}g/g$). The contents of Cd and Zn were high in the laver, Cr, Ni and Pb were detected highly in sea lettuce, and Hg was detected highly in sea tangle. Significant linear correlations were obtained among 28 different pairs of metals, some of them highly correlated (r>0.5, p<0.05),such as Ni-Mn, Zn-Ni, Cu-Pb and Cu-Zn in laver, Ni-Zn in sea mustard, Cu-Pb, Cu-Zn and Mn-Pb in sea tangle, and Ni-Cr in sea lettuce. And, the trace metal contents of seaweeds varied with parts and kinds of samples. The average weekly intakes of Hg, Cd and Pb from seaweeds were about $0.07{\~}3.57\%$ of PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes) which has set by FAO/WHO to evaluate the safeties of trace metals in food. Therefore, it was found that they showed very safe levels in the edible seaweeds.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.9-10
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• 2000

An important business-field of world-wide steel-industry is the coating of thin metal-sheets with zinc, zinc-aluminum and aluminum based materials. These products mostly go into automotive industry. in particular for the car-body. into building and construction industry as well as household appliances. Due to mass-production, the processing is done in large continuously operating plants where the mostly cold-rolled metal-strip as the substrate is handled in coils up to 40 tons unwind before and rolled up again after passing the processing plant which includes cleaning, annealing, hot-dip galvanizing / aluminizing and chemical treatment. In the liquid Zn, Zn-AI, AI-Zn and AI-Si bathes a combined action of corrosion and wear under high temperature and high stress onto the transfer components (rolls) accounts for major economic losses. Most critical here are the bearing systems of these rolls operating in the liquid system. Rolls in liquid system can not be avoided as they are needed to transfer the steel-strip into and out of the crucible. Since several years, ceramic roller bearings are tested here [1.2], however, in particular due to uncontrollable Slag-impurities within the hot bath [3], slide bearings are still expected to be of a higher potential [4]. The today's state of the art is the application of slide bearings based on Stellite\ulcorneragainst Stellite which is in general a 50-60 wt% Co-matrix with incorporated Cr- and W-carbides and other composites. Indeed Stellite is used as the bearing-material as of it's chemical properties (does not go into solution), the physical properties in particular with poor lubricating properties are not satisfying at all. To increase the Sliding behavior in the bearing system, about 0.15-0.2 wt% of lead has been added into the hot-bath in the past. Due to environmental regulations. this had to be reduced dramatically_ This together with the heavily increasing production rates expressed by increased velocity of the substrate-steel-band up to 200 m/min and increased tractate power up to 10 tons in modern plants. leads to life times of the bearings of a few up to several days only. To improve this situation. the Mechanical Alloying (MA) TeChnique [5.6.7.8] is used to prOduce advanced Stellite-based bearing materials. A lubricating phase is introduced into Stellite-powder-material by MA, the composite-powder-particles are coated by High Energy Milling (HEM) in order to produce bearing-bushes of approximately 12 kg by Sintering, Liquid Phase Sintering (LPS) and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP). The chemical and physical behavior of samples as well as the bearing systems in the hot galvanizing / aluminizing plant are discussed. DependenCies like lubricant material and composite, LPS-binder and composite, particle shape and PM-route with respect to achievable density. (temperature--) shock-reSistibility and corrosive-wear behavior will be described. The materials are characterized by particle size analysis (laser diffraction), scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. corrosive-wear behavior is determined using a special cylinder-in-bush apparatus (CIBA) as well as field-test in real production condition. Part I of this work describes the initial testing phase where different sample materials are produced, characterized, consolidated and tested in the CIBA under a common AI-Zn-system. The results are discussed and the material-system for the large components to be produced for the field test in real production condition is decided. Outlook: Part II of this work will describe the field test in a hot-dip-galvanizing/aluminizing plant of the mechanically alloyed bearing bushes under aluminum-rich liquid metal. Alter testing, the bushes will be characterized and obtained results with respect to wear. expected lifetime, surface roughness and infiltration will be discussed. Part III of this project will describe a second initial testing phase where the won results of part 1+11 will be transferred to the AI-Si system. Part IV of this project will describe the field test in a hot-dip-aluminizing plant of the mechanically alloyed bearing bushes under aluminum liquid metal. After testing. the bushes will be characterized and obtained results with respect to wear. expected lifetime, surface roughness and infiltration will be discussed.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.97-117
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• 2003

Objective: This study is to examine the validity and reliability of Computerized Neurocognitive Function Test among normal children in elementary school. Methods: K-ABC, K-PIC, and Computerized Neurocognitive Function Test were performed to the 120 body of normal children(10 of each male and female) from June, 2002 to January, 2003. Those children had over the average of intelligence and passed the rule out criteria. To verify test-retest reliability for those 30 children who were randomly selected, Computerized Neurocognitive Function Test was carried out again 4 weeks later. Results: As a results of correlation analysis for validity test, four of continues performance tests matched with those on adults. In the memory tests, results presented the same as previous research with a difference between forward test and backward test in short-term memory. In higher cognitive function tests, tests were consist of those with different purpose respectively. After performing factor analysis on 43 variables out of 12 tests, 10 factors were raised and the total percent of variance was 75.5%. The reasons were such as: 'sustained attention, information processing speed, vigilance, verbal learning, allocation of attention and concept formation, flexibility, concept formation, visual learning, short-term memory, and selective attention' in order. In correlation with K-ABC to prepare explanatory criteria, selectively significant correlation(p<.0.5-001) was found in subscale of K-ABC. In the test-retest reliability test, the results reflecting practice effect were found and prominent especially in higher cognitive function tests. However, split-half reliability(r=0.548-0.7726, p<.05) and internal consistency(0.628-0.878, p<.05) of each examined group were significantly high. Conclusion: The performance of Computerized Neurocognitive Function Test in normal children represented differ developmental character than that in adult. And basal information for preparing the explanatory criteria could be acquired by searching for the relation with standardized intelligence test which contains neuropsycological background.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.14
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• pp.123-131
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• 1973

1. In order to evaluate the performance of the $F_2$ and $F_3$ generations of $F_1$ varietal crosses which in past trials yielded better than or as high as the recommended double-cross hybrids, eleven yellow and five white-endosperm $F_1$ varietal crosses, their $F_2$ and $F_3$ generations, and the parental open-pollinated varieties together with the standard double-cross hybrids were tested in performance trials in the 1963 wet and 1963-64 dry seasons. The former trials, however, failed due to a strong typhoon that damaged the crop. 2. Net hybrid vigor was highly manifested in grain yield in the $F_1$ varietal crosses, which on the average was 39.9 per cent of the mid-parent yields. Reduction in heterosis was 27.2 per cent in the $F_2$and 30.3 per cent in the $F_3$ generation, respectively. 3. A fairly high degree of reduction in yield occurred in the $F_2$ and $F_3$ generation. On the average, the $F_2$ generation decreased by 17.6 per cent and the $F_3$ by 20.7 per cent. The losses in two generations were exhibited in two levels; four crosses decreased by 10.9 per cent and twelve combinations by 22.0 per cent. The advanced generations of one yellow cross, Cuban Yellow Flint ${\times}$ Hawaiian Flinty Dent, and three white flint crosses, Bicol White Flint ${\times}$ Eto Blanco, College White Flint ${\times}$ Eto Blanco and Bicol White Flint ${\times}$ Nariono 330b, yielded as high as Philippine Hybrid No.1 and Philippine Hybrid No.4, respectively. 4. No significant differences in yield were obtained between the $F_2$ and $F_3$ populations, showing that genetic equilibrium was reached in $F_2$, as may be expected in view of the Hardy-Weinberg law on panmixis. 5. As in past trials, Hawaiian Flinty Dent, a variety, yielded as high as Philippine Hybrid No. 1.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 1973

2,2'-Methylene bis (3,4,6-trichloroacetoxy benzene) had been synthesized from Hexachlorophene. The eleven new derivatives -(2,2'Methylene bis [3,4,6-trichloro o-(${\beta}$-anilinopropionoxy) benzene]: m. p 173∼4$^{\circ}C$, C$\_$31/H$\_$24/N$_2$O$_4$Cl$\_$6/, 2,2' Methylene bis [3,4,6-trichloro (${\beta}$-Cyclohexylaminopropionoxy) benzene]: M. P, 187∼8$^{\circ}C$, C$\_$31/H$\_$36/N$_2$O$_4$Cl$\_$6/, 2,2'-Methylene bis [3,4,6-trichloro (${\beta}$-phenyl hydrazinopropionoxy) benzene]; M. P. 151∼3$^{\circ}C$, C$\_$33/H$\_$28/N$_2$O$_4$Cl$\_$6/, 2,2'-Methylene bis [3,4,6-trichloro (${\beta}$-o-toluidinopropionoxy) benzene]: M. P. 172∼3$^{\circ}C$, C$\_$33/H$\_$28/N$_2$O$_4$Cl$\_$6/, 2,2'-Methylene bis [3,4,6-trichloro (${\beta}$-p-todudinopropionoxy) benzene]: 153∼4$^{\circ}C$, C$\_$33/H$\_$28/N$_2$O$_4$Cl$\_$6/, 2,2'-Methylene bis [3,4,6-trichloro (${\beta}$-o-chloro anilinopropionoxy) benzene]: 170∼2$^{\circ}C$, C$\_$31/H$\_$27/N$_2$O$_4$Cl$\_$8/, 2,2'-Methylene bis [3,4,6-trichloro (${\beta}$-p-sulfamilinopropionoxy) bengene]: M. P. 310-5$^{\circ}C$, C$\_$31/H$\_$24/N$_2$S$_2$O$\_$10/Cl$\_$8/, 2,2'-Methylene bis [3,4,6-trichloro (${\beta}$-piperidinopropionoxy) benzene]: M. P. 168∼2$^{\circ}C$, C$\_$29/H$\_$32/N$_2$O$_4$Cl$\_$6/, 2,2'-Methylene bis (3,4,6-trichloro (${\beta}$-morpholinopropionoxy) benzene]: M. P. 226∼8$^{\circ}C$, C$\_$27/H$\_$28/N$_2$O$\_$6/Cl$\_$6/, 2,2'-Methylene bis (3,4,6-trichloro (${\beta}$-2-amino pyridino propionoxy) benzene]; M. P. 145∼6$^{\circ}C$, C$\_$29/H$\_$22/N$_4$O$_4$Cl$\_$5/-were synthesized by Mannichs reaction as potential antimicrobial agents and their antimicrobial activity were tested against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas ovalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, aerogenes, Bacillus Acerobacter Polymyxa, Bacillus brevis, Streptomyces griseus, Candida troficalis, Rhodotorula glutinis, Candida utilis, Hansenula anamola, Saccharomyces cerevisiae in vitro. Among them, compounds of benzylamine and p-toludine showed an effective antimibrobial activity againt Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas ovalis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.372-379
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• 2007

A high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization (HPLC-ESI) tandem MS was developed for the rapid and simultaneous determination of forbidden medicines in dietary supplements. Thirteen medicinal components such as PDE-5 inhibitors and their analogues, and the newly identified dimethylsildenafil and xanthoanthrafil, were included in this study. After tentative standardization of molecular ions in both polarities using thirteen references on the mass spectrometer, with ESI-continuous infusion via the syringe pump method, the relative intensity of the ions present in the resulting spectra was quantitatively compared. From the results, the ion mode was selected depending on each reference's characteristics. A HPLC method coupled with the ESI mode was developed considering the matrix effect and interference depending on the type of sample. The validation test of the developed method was followed by carrying out precision, accuracy, recovery, sensitivity and linearity, etc. The method showed sufficiently high sensitivity, reproducibility, and specificity, and produced 4 times faster results when compared with the existing HPLC/UV method for the determination of forbidden compounds in dietary supplements.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.494-501
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the presence of Bacillus cereus, aerobic bacteria and coliforms in the raw material of infant formulas and investigate the manufacturing process in terms of microbial safety. Among ten kinds of raw infant formula material samples (n=20), Bacillus cereus appeared in two (n=4). Aerobic bacteria were not detected in raw infant formula material or maximum 4.15 log CFU/g. Eleven species of aerobic bacteria were isolated and 76% of them were Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Rhizobium radiobactor, or Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. A Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that the most influential factors for detecting Bacillus cereus were aerobic bacteria and coliforms. In other words, when the measured values of aerobic bacteria and coliforms were higher, the possibility that Bacillus cereus would appear increased. In a regression model to predict Bacillus cereus, the rate of appearance was correlated with aerobic bacteria and coliforms, and its contribution rate for effectiveness was 86%. Improving microbial quality control by pasteurization, spray dry, popping and extrusion resulted in a decrease in the numbers of Bacillus cereus, aerobic bacteria and coliforms in the raw materials. The results suggest that a hazard analysis and critical control point system might be effective for reducing microbiological contamination.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 1989

Chemical composition of the oyster mushroom(Pleurotus spp.) at different cropping stage were analyzed. The contents of crude protein, soluble protein, reducing sugar, total sugar and crude fat in Pleurotus ostreatus 201 were a little higher than those of Pleurotus sajorcaju. The Component contents were not different from the first to the second flush, while the contents were slightly decreased from the third flush. A11 component contents were highest in $3{\sim}5cm$ pileus size, the contents were slightly decreased as pileus size increase to over $3{\sim}5cm$, except for reducing sugar. Crude fiber content in Pleurotus sajor-caju were a little more than Pleurotus ostreatus 201, and in course of increasing cropping time, ash contens of two strains were simmilar, and were decreased after the second flush. These component contents mere increased by the growth of the pileus. The sugars were identified as xylose, glucose, mannitol and trehalose in Pleurotus sajor-caju, and xylose, fructose, glucose, mannitol and trehalose in Pleurotus ostreatus 201, respectively. Mannitol and trehalose contents in Pleurotus sajor-caju were a little more than that in Pleurotus ostreatus 201. Glucose content of Pleurotus sajor-caju and Pleurotus ostreatus 201 was highest in $1{\sim}3cm$ pileus size, while other sugars in $3{\sim}5cm$ pileus size, and the sugar contents were decreased at over the above size of the pileus.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.599-607
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• 2006

The experiments were carried out to develop simulation model for estimating the yield of soybean in upland and paddy field condition. Field experiments were done at National Institute of Crop Science in 2005. The evaluated soybean cultivars were Taekwangkong, Daewonkong, and Hwangkeumkong. Soybean seeds were planted by hill seeding with 3-4 seeds and row and hill spacing were $60{\times}10cm$ in upland and $60{\times}15cm$ in paddy field. Seeds were sown on row (without making ridge) and on the top of ridge in upland and paddy field, respectively. Field parameters were measured yield components ($plants/m^{2}$, pod no./plant, and 100-seed weight, seed yield and growth characteristics (stem length, leaf area at each stage, and dry weight of shoot) and after measuring they were compared the relationships with seed yield and yield components and seed yield and growth characteristics. Seed yield of soybean was affected by cultivars and planting density. Seed yield was higher in upland than paddy field due to the higher planting density in upland field. The upland soybeans generally had lower 100-seed weight than that of paddy field. Seed yield of soybean in a paddy field was greatest in Taekwangkong and followed by Daewonkong and Hwangkeumkong. The harvest index of taekwangkong and Hwanggumkong was higher in upland than paddy field, however, it was higher in paddy field than upland in Daewonkong. Seed yield was greatest in Daewonkong in both experimental fields. The greatest stem length was observed in taekwangkong and Hwanggumkong (R6) in late growth stage in paddy field. Dry weight of shoot and pod, pod number, stem length, and stem diameter were higher grown in paddy field than grown in upland. Crop growth rate (CGR) of cultivars was higher in paddy field after 8 WAS(weeks after sowing) and it was greatest at 13 WAS in Daewonkong among the cultivars. In upland field, CGR was greatest in Taekwangkong and then followed by Daewonkong and Hwanggumkong during 12 and 15 WAS. There was no significant relationships between 100-seed weight and seed yield in both experimental fields. A significant positive relationship was observed between seed number and seed yield. The correlation coefficients between leaf area and shoot dry weight were about 0.8 during the whole growth stage except 5 WAS and 4-5 WAS in paddy field and upland, respectively. This experiment was done just one year and drained paddy field condition was not satisfied drained condition successfully at 7th leaf age of soybean by the heavy rain, so we suggest that the excessive soil water reduced seed yield in paddy field and the weather condition should be considered for utilizing of these results.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.354-364
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• 1998

Purpose: Simple X-ray study and bone scan have limitations for early diagnosis of bone or bone marrow lesions in multiple myeloma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of bone marrow immunoscintigraphy using anti-granulocyte monoclonal antibody for the evaluation of bone involvement in multiple myeloma. Materials and Methods: In 22 patients (Male: 15, Female: 7) with multiple myeloma, we performed whole-body immunoscintigraphy using $^{99m}Tc$-labelled antigranulocyte antibody (BW 250/183, Scintimum $Granulozyt^{(R)}$ CIS, France) and compared the findings with those of simple bone radiography and $^{99m}Tc$-MDP bone scan. Abnormal findings in bone marrow scintigraphy were, considered to be present in case of expansion of peripheral bone marrow or focal photon defect in axial bones. Results: Marrow expansion was noted in 15 of 22 patients (68%). Focal photon defects were found in 18 patients (82%). While one (33%) of 3 patients with Stage II disease showed focal defects in bone marrow scan, abnormal focal defects were observed in 17 of 19 (90%) patients with Stage III. Among 124 focal abnormal sites which were observed in bone marrow scan, bone scan or simple bone radiography, bone marrow scan detected 92 sites (74%), whereas 82 sites (66%) were observed in simple bone radiography(58 sites, 47%) or bone scan(40 sites, 32%). Fifty-one (41%) out of 124 bone lesions were detected by bone marrow scan only, and located mostly in thoracolumbar spine. Conclusion: Bone marrow scan using $^{99m}Tc$-labelled antigranulocyte antibody seems to be a more sensitive procedure for the detection of pathologic bone lesions than simple bone X-ray or bone scan in patients with multiple myeloma.