• 대한수학회보
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.657-665
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• 2016

A general notion of ${\chi}$-transitive groups was introduced by C. Delizia et al. in [6], where ${\chi}$ is a class of groups. In [5], Ciobanu, Fine and Rosenberger studied the relationship among the notions of conjugately separated abelian, commutative transitive and fully residually ${\chi}$-groups. In this article we study the concept of 2-Engel transitive groups and among other results, its relationship with conjugately separated 2-Engel and fully residually ${\chi}$-groups are established. We also introduce the notion of 2-Engelizer of the element x in G and denote the set of all 2-Engelizers in G by $E^2(G)$. Then we construct the possible values of ${\mid}E^2(G){\mid}$.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.729-737
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• 2008

In this paper we characterize multi-Jensen functions f : $V^n\;{\rightarrow}\;W$, where n is a positive integer, V, W are commutative groups and V is uniquely divisible by 2. Moreover, under the assumption that f : $\mathbb{R}\;{\rightarrow}\;\mathbb{R}$ is Borel measurable, we obtain representation of f (respectively, f, g, h : $\mathbb{R}\;{\rightarrow}\;\mathbb{R}$) such that the Jensen difference $$2f\;\(\frac{x\;+\;y}{2}\)\;-\;f(x)\;-\;f(y)$$ (respectively, the Pexider difference $$2f\;\(\frac{x\;+\;y}{2}\)\;-\;g(x)\;-\;h(y))$$ takes values in a countable subgroup of $\mathbb{R}$.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.1047-1055
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• 2014

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of endogenous small non-coding RNAs of 20-25 nucleotides in length that function as negative gene regulators. MiRNAs play roles in most biological processes, as well as diverse human diseases including cancer. Recently, many studies investigated the association between SNPs in miR-146a rs2910164, miR-196a2 rs11614913, miR-149 rs229283, miR-499 rs3746444 and colorectal cancer (CRC), which results have been inconclusive. Methodology/Principal Findings: PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI databases were searched with the last search updated on November 5, 2013. For miR-196a2 rs11614913, a significantly decreased risk of CRC development was observed under three genetic models (dominant model: OR = 0.848, 95%CI: 0.735-0.979, P = 0.025; recessive model: OR = 0.838, 95%CI: 0.721-0.974, P = 0.021; homozygous model: OR = 0.754, 95%CI: 0.627-0.907, P = 0.003). In the subgroup analyses, miR-$196a2^*T$ variant was associated with a significantly decreased susceptibility of CRC (allele model: OR = 0.839, 95%CI: 0.749-0.940, P = 0.000; dominant model: OR = 0.770, 95%CI: 0.653-0.980, P = 0.002; recessive model: OR = 0.802, 95%CI: 0.685-0.939, P = 0.006; homozygous model: OR = 0.695, 95%CI: 0.570-0.847, P = 0.000). As for miR-149 rs2292832, the two genetic models (recessive model: OR = 1.199, 95% CI 1.028-1.398, P = 0.021; heterozygous model: OR = 1.226, 95% CI 1.039-1.447, P = 0.013) demonstrated increased susceptibility to CRC. On subgroup analysis, significantly increased susceptibility of CRC was found in the genetic models (recessive model: OR = 1.180, 95% CI 1.008-1.382, P = 0.040; heterozygous model: OR = 1.202, 95% CI 1.013-1.425, P = 0.013) in the Asian group. Conclusions: These findings supported that the miR-196a2 rs11614913 and miR-149 rs2292832 polymorphisms may contribute to susceptibility to CRC.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.64-71
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• 2007

To investigate the phylogeny of Patellogastropoda, the complete 18S rDNA sequences of nine patellogastropod limpets Cymbula canescens (Gmelin, 1791), Helcion dunkeri (Krauss, 1848), Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758, Cellana toreuma (Reeve, 1855), Cellana nigrolineata (Reeve, 1854), Nacella magellanica Gmelin, 1791, Nipponacmea concinna (Lischke, 1870), Niveotectura pallida (Gould, 1859), and Lottia dorsuosa Gould, 1859 were determined. These sequences were then analyzed along with the published 18S rDNA sequences of 35 gastropods, one bivalve, and one chiton species. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. The results of our 18S rDNA sequence analysis strongly support the monophyly of Patellogastropoda and the existence of three subgroups. Of these, two subgroups, the Patelloidea and Acmaeoidea, are closely related, with branching patterns that can be summarized as [(Cymbula + Helcion) + Patella] and [(Nipponacmea + Lottia) + Niveotectura]. The remaining subgroup, Nacelloidea, emerges as basal and paraphyletic, while its genus Cellana is monophyletic. Our analysis also indicates that the Patellogastropoda have a sister relationship with the order Cocculiniformia within the Gastropoda.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제26권3호통권86호
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• pp.373-379
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• 1998

Rhizoctonia solani의 종내 그룹의 분류에는 균사융합군과 배양형태가 많이 이용되고 있으며, 이미 20종 이상의 R. solani가 생태학적, 형태학적, 효소학적, hyphal anastomosis 등에 의해 이미 구분되어졌다. Anastomosis group은 R. solani를 분리하는데 유용하지만 R. solani의 생물학적과 병리학적 연구를 위한 유전적 특성과 동정의 직접적인 방법이 요구되어진다. RAPD는 특별한 DNA 절편을 증폭하고 이를 genetic mapping, identification of isolates에 유용하게 적용될 수 있으며, 또한 genetic variation 조사에도 사용될 수 있다. Dendrogram을 작성한 결과 크게 5 group으로 나뉘어졌고, 5개의 group은 AG group의 subgroup과 동일하게 나뉘어졌다. AG group에 구분되지 않은 species들도 RAPD결과 AG tester들과 grouping 되어졌다. RS-1은 AG-5 group에 속하며, RS-4, RS-14, RS-17, RS-16은 AG-2-2(III B)에 속하였다. RS-13은 AG-4에 속하였으며, RS-8과 RS-10은 AG-1(I B)에, RS-7과 RS-21은 AG-2-2(IV)에 속하였다. RS-19는 AG-1-1(I C)에 속하고, RS-3, RS-5, RS-18, RS-6, RS-15는 AG-1에 속하였다. RAPD 결과 AG group의 subgroup간의 차이를 볼 수 있었고, 이에 AG group 되어 있지 않은 species의 AG grouping이 이루어졌다. 또한 subgroup 간의 유전적 차이를 확인 할 수 있는 marker를 개발하거나 subgroup의 특별한 primer를 제작하는 SCAs기법을 이용하여 식물체 병반 또는 토양에서 분리된 R. solani를 간이 동정에 이용할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.177-183
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• 1997

Let ${\sigma}(X,x_0,G)$ be the fundamental group of a transformation group (X,G). Let $R({\varphi},{\psi})$) be the generalized Reidemeister number for an endomorphism $({\varphi},{\psi}):(X,G){\rightarrow}(X,G)$. In this paper, our main results are as follows ; we prove some sufficient conditions for $R({\varphi},{\psi})$ to be the cardinality of $Coker(1-({\varphi},{\psi})_{\bar{\sigma}})$, where 1 is the identity isomorphism and $({\varphi},{\psi})_{\bar{\sigma}}$ is the endomorphism of ${\bar{\sigma}}(X,x_0,G)$, the quotient group of ${\sigma}(X,x_0,G)$ by the commutator subgroup $C({\sigma}(X,x_0,G))$, induced by (${\varphi},{\psi}$). In particular, we prove $R({\varphi},{\psi})={\mid}Coker(1-({\varphi},{\psi})_{\bar{\sigma}}){\mid}$, provided that (${\varphi},{\psi}$) is eventually commutative.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.585-602
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• 2020

In this paper, we construct four infinite families of binary linear codes associated with double cosets with respect to a certain maximal parabolic subgroup of the orthogonal group O⁺(2n, 2^r). And we obtain two infinite families of recursive formulas for the power moments of Kloosterman sums and those of 2-dimensional Kloosterman sums in terms of the frequencies of weights in the codes. This is done via Pless' power moment identity and by utilizing the explicit expressions of exponential sums over those double cosets related to the evaluations of "Gauss sums" for the orthogonal groups O⁺(2n, 2^r).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.116-124
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• 2022

Epidemiological studies typically examine the causal effect of exposure on a health outcome. Standardization is one of the most straightforward methods for estimating causal estimands. However, compared to inverse probability weighting, there is a lack of user-centric explanations for implementing standardization to estimate causal estimands. This paper explains the standardization method using basic R functions only and how it is linked to the R package stdReg, which can be used to implement the same procedure. We provide a step-by-step tutorial for estimating causal risk differences, causal risk ratios, and causal odds ratios based on standardization. We also discuss how to carry out subgroup analysis in detail.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.79-83
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• 2011

In the present paper we introduce the lower autocentral series of autocommutator subgroups of a given group. Following our previous work on the subject in 2009, it is shown that every finite abelian group is isomorphic with $n^{th}$-term of the lower autocentral series of some finite abelian group.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.781-787
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• 2022

In this paper, we show that under certain conditions the Wedderburn decomposition of a finite semisimple group algebra 𝔽_qG can be deduced from a subalgebra 𝔽_q(G/H) of factor group G/H of G, where H is a normal subgroup of G of prime order P. Here, we assume that q = p^r for some prime p and the center of each Wedderburn component of 𝔽_qG is the coefficient field 𝔽_q.