• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.72.1-72.16
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• 2023

Background: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) on the surface of Streptococcus dysgalactiae, coded with gapC, is a glycolytic enzyme that was reported to be a moonlighting protein and virulence factor. Objective: This study assessed GAPDH as a potential immunization candidate protein to prevent streptococcus infections. Methods: Mice were vaccinated subcutaneously with recombinant GAPDH and challenged with S. dysgalactiae in vivo. They were then evaluated using histological methods. rGAPDH of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) was evaluated using immunoblotting, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. Results: Vaccination with rGAPDH improved the survival rates and decreased the bacterial burdens in the mammary glands compared to the control group. The mechanism by which rGAPDH vaccination protects against S. dysgalactiae was investigated. In vitro experiments showed that rGAPDH boosted the generation of interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Treatment of BMDCs with TAK-242, a toll-like receptor 4 inhibitor, or C29, a toll-like receptor 2 inhibitor, reduced cytokines substantially, suggesting that rGAPDH may be a potential ligand for both TLR2 and TLR4. Subsequent investigations showed that rGAPDH may activate the phosphorylation of MAPKs and nuclear factor-κB. Conclusions: GAPDH is a promising immunization candidate protein for targeting virulence and enhancing immune-mediated protection. Further investigations are warranted to understand the mechanisms underlying the activation of BMDCs by rGAPDH in a TLR2- and TLR4-dependent manner and the regulation of inflammatory cytokines contributing to mastitis pathogenesis.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.190-197
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• 2011

Currently, the dose distribution calculation used by commercial treatment planning systems (TPSs) for high-dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy is derived from point and line source approximation method recommended by AAPM Task Group 43 (TG-43). However, the study of Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is required in order to assess the accuracy of dose calculation around three-dimensional Ir-192 source. In this study, geometry factor was calculated using segmented sources integration method by dividing microSelectron HDR Ir-192 source into smaller parts. The Monte Carlo code (MCNPX 2.5.0) was used to calculate the dose rate $\dot{D}(r,\theta)$ at a point ($r,\theta$) away from a HDR Ir-192 source in spherical water phantom with 30 cm diameter. Finally, anisotropy function and radial dose function were calculated from obtained results. The obtained geometry factor was compared with that calculated from line source approximation. Similarly, obtained anisotropy function and radial dose function were compared with those derived from MCPT results by Williamson. The geometry factor calculated from segmented sources integration method and line source approximation was within 0.2% for $r{\geq}0.5$ cm and 1.33% for r=0.1 cm, respectively. The relative-root mean square error (R-RMSE) of anisotropy function obtained by this study and Williamson was 2.33% for r=0.25 cm and within 1% for r>0.5 cm, respectively. The R-RMSE of radial dose function was 0.46% at radial distance from 0.1 to 14.0 cm. The geometry factor acquired from segmented sources integration method and line source approximation was in good agreement for $r{\geq}0.1$ cm. However, application of segmented sources integration method seems to be valid, since this method using three-dimensional Ir-192 source provides more realistic geometry factor. The anisotropy function and radial dose function estimated from MCNPX in this study and MCPT by Williamson are in good agreement within uncertainty of Monte Carlo codes except at radial distance of r=0.25 cm. It is expected that Monte Carlo code used in this study could be applied to other sources utilized for brachytherapy.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.174-189
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to determine the weight-length relations and condition factor (K) of Zacco platypus, along the trophic gradients from oligotrophic to eutrophic state in six reservoir ecosystems ($B_aR$, $Y_yR$, $J_yR$, $G_pR$, $Y_dR$, and $M_sR$), during 2008~2010. The species was selected as a sentinel species for the study, due to its wide distribution and wide trophic gradient. The analysis of trophic state index (TSI), based on total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), indicated that reservoirs of $Y_yR$ and $B_aR$ were classified as to be in an oligotrophic state (30~40), the $J_yR$ and $G_pR$ as mesotrophic (40~50), and the $Y_dR$ and $M_sR$ as eutrophic state (50~70). Total 47 species and 26,226 individuals were sampled from 6 reservoirs and sensitive species dominated in the oligotrophic reservoirs ($Y_yR$ and $B_aR$). In the mean time, the tolerant speciesdominated the community in the mesotrophic ($J_yR$ and $G_pR$) and eutrophic ($Y_dR$ and $M_sR$) reservoirs. Regression analysis of body weight, against the total length, indicated that the regression coefficient (b value) was lower in the oligotrophic reservoir (2.77~2.79) than the mesotrophic (3.07~3.17) and eutrophic reservoirs (3.15~ 3.21). This result suggests that the population growth rate Zacco platypus reflected the trophic gradients of the reservoirs. The analysis of condition factor (K) against the total length showed positive slopes (b>3.0) in mesotrophic and eutrophic reservoirs, and a negative slope (b<3.0) in oligotrophic reservoir. The variation of the regression slope of "b" in Z. platypus was accounted for 79.7% [$b=0.012{\times}TSI(TP)+2.395$, p=0.017] by the variation of TSI (TP) and 82.2% [$b=0.013{\times}TSI(Chl-a)+2.36$, p=0.013] by the variation of TSI (Chl-a). The proportion of DELT abnormality increased as the trophic state increases in the reservoirs. The overall data suggest that the growth of the fish populations, based on the length-weight relations and condition factor, reflected the trophic state of nutrient and phytoplankton biomass of the reservoir waters. Thus, in spite of the tolerant characteristics of Z. platypus, hypertrophic states might negatively affect the health of the population.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.859-864
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• 2001

For earthquake resistance design, a response modification factor is used to reduce the design strength and it reflects ductility, reserve strength, redundancy and damping effect. But this factor has not theoretical basis. In this study, two response modification factors are compared and analyzed for shear wall apartment building.; the one is introduced by ATC-19 Procedures, the other is suggested FEMA-273 and ATC-40 through nonlinear static analysis. For the results, ATC-19 procedure gives a reasonable estimation to R factor. But $R_{u}$ by using FEAM-273 and ATC-40 methods is estimated so small in case of a minor or moderate earthquake region. Due to this fact, response modification factor is smaller than suggested load criterion 3.0. So, it needs to decrease wall volume and reduce the global strength and system stiffness for proper ductile behavior matching to domestic load criterion.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1118-1122
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• 2006

In this study, in order to develop the low temperature sintering multilayer piezoelectric actuator, PMN-PNN-PZT system ceramics were manufactured and their microstructure, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties were investigated. By increasing sintering temperature, remanent polarization$(P_r)$ was increased due to the increase of sinterability and grain size. However, coercive $field(E_c)$ showed an opposite tendency to remanent polarization owing to the feasibility of domain wall motion. At the sintering temperature of $900^{\circ}C$, dielectric $constant({\varepsilon}_r)$, electromechanical coupling $factor(k_p)$, piezoelectric $constant(d_{33})$ and mechanical quality $factor(Q_m)$ showed the optimal value of 1095, 0.60, 363 and 1055, respectively, for multilayer piezoelectric actuator application.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.419-430
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• 2020

Weibull distribution is a conspicuous distribution known for its accuracy and its usage for wind energy analysis. The two and three parameter Weibull distributions are adopted in this study to fit wind speed data. The daily mean wind speed data of Ennore, Tamil Nadu, India has been used to validate the procedure. The parameters are estimated using maximum likelihood method, least square method and moment method. Four statistical tests namely Root mean square error, R2 test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Anderson-Darling test are employed to inspect the fitness of Weibull probability density functions. The value of shape factor, scale factor, wind speed and wind power are determined at a height of 100m using extrapolation of numerical equations. Also, the value of capacity factor is calculated mathematically. This study provides a way to evaluate feasible locations for wind energy assessment, which can be used at any windy site throughout the world.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.178-183
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• 2014

This paper presents a motor characteristics analysis method using an equivalent circuit. Motor characteristics analysis via equivalent circuit is very important for designing a high efficiency single phase induction motor. The accuracy of the motor characteristics depends on the accuracy of the parameters, especially saturation factor, which determines the cyclical relationship in the analysis process. Therefore, using the proposed method, the saturation factor was calculated using the iteration routine and numerical technique. The proposed method was verified by comparing the finite element method results and the dynamo test results of manufactured prototype model.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.93-95
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• 2009

Purpose: Congenital factor VII (FVII) deficiency is a rare bleeding disorder and surgery can cause excessive bleeding due to an extrinsic pathway problem. It can be diagnosed by increased PT and decreased FVII level in coagulation test. Symptom varies according to the level of FVII, but it is essential to prevent intraoperative excessive bleeding. Methods: In this report, we described the orthognatic surgery experience in a mandibular prognathism patient with congenital FVII deficiency, in which recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) was used to manage the bleeding. Rsults: We could get a successful result without any complication and there was minimal intraoperative bleeding. Conclusion: The orthognathic surgery could therefore be safely performed in patients with congenital factor VII deficiency using rFVIIa.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.279-286
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• 2002

Linear and nonlinear complex permittivities were measured for copolymers of vinylidene cyanide(VDCN) with vinyl acetate(VAc), vinyl propionate(VPr), vinyl bezoate(VBz), styrene(St) and methyl methacrylate(MMA). Experimental results are well fitted by the function (equation omitted) except at low frequency where dc conduction dominates. The analysis of dielectric relaxation mechanism by combined knowledge about linear and nonlinear dielectric permittivities and dipoles give us informations about electrical and thermal motions in these copolymers. According to the analysis it could be found that the variation for temperature of the dielectric relaxation strength in these copolymers is related to the interaction between dipoles and the nonlinear dielectric effect factor R$_{s}$ is proportional to square of the dipolar correlation factor R$_{p}$././.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1998.05a
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• pp.532-537
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• 1998

Friction factor and two-phase flow frictional multiplier for a CANFLEX bundle are newly developed and presented in this paper. CANFLEX as a 43-element fuel bundle has been developed jointly by AECL/KAERI to provide greater operational flexibility for CANDU reactor operators and designers. Friction factor and two-phase flow frictional multiplier have been developed by using the experimental data of pressure drops obtained from two series of Freon-l34a (R-134a) CHF tests with a string of simulated CANFLEX bundles in a single phase and a two-phase flow conditions. The friction factor for a CANFLRX bundle is found to be about 20 % higher than that of Blasius for a smooth circular pipe. The pressure drop predicted by using the new correlations of friction factor and two-phase frictional multiplier are well agreed with the experimental pressure drop data of CANFLEX bundle within ${\pm}\;5\;%$ error.