• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1252-1261
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• 2008

Twenty-four yearling Boer$\times$Spanish goats were used in a crossover design experiment to determine effects of tethering on forage selection, intake and digestibility, grazing behavior and energy expenditure (EE) with forage high in nutritive value and low to moderate in mass. Objectives were to determine if tethered goats could be used as a model for study of unrestrained animals and to characterize tethering as a production practice. Four 0.72-ha pastures of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrium) were grazed in December and January. Each pasture hosted six animals, three with free movement and three attached to a 4.11-m tether for access to a circular area of $53.1m^2$. Tethering areas were moved each day. One animal of each treatment and pasture was used to determine forage selection, fecal output or grazing behavior and EE; therefore, there were eight observations per treatment. Mass of forage DM before grazing in Tethered areas averaged 1,280 and 1,130 kg/ha in periods 1 and 2, respectively. The CP concentration in ingesta was greater ((p<0.05) 239 and 209 g/kg; SE = 8.0) and the NDF level was lower (p<0.05) for Free vs. Tethered animals (503 and 538 g/kg; SE = 12.0); in vitro true DM digestion was similar between treatments (0.808 and 0.807 for Free and Tethered, respectively; SE = 0.0096). Intakes of DM (1,013 and 968 g/d; SE = 78.6), NDF (511 and 521 g/d; SE = 39.9) and ME (10.9 and 10.7 MJ/d; SE = 0.90) were similar between treatments, but CP intake was greater (p<0.05) for Free vs. Tethered animals (241 and 203 g/d; SE = 17.2). There were small treatment differences in in vivo apparent digestibility of OM ((p<0.05) 0.780 and 0.814; SE = 0.0049), CP ((p<0.05) 0.800 and 0.817; SE = 0.0067) and NDF ((p<0.09) 0.777 and 0.760 for Free and Tethered, respectively; SE = 0.0078). There were no treatment effects on time spent ruminating or grazing (346 and 347 min/d for Free and Tethered, respectively; SE = 42.5), but EE was considerably greater (p<0.05) for Free vs. Tethered animals (571 and 489 kJ/kg $BW^{0.75}$; SE = 8.9). In conclusion, with forage of high nutritive value and low to moderate in mass, tethering can offer a production advantage over free grazing of less energy used for activity despite similar grazing time. With forage removal considerably less than that available for grazing, effects of tethering on chemical composition of selected forage were small and less than needed to markedly affect digestion. Tethering may offer a means of studying some aspects of grazing by ruminants, but would not seem suitable for energy metabolism.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.1-18
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between intangible asset items and company value by empirical research in the medical industry, which may enhance usefulness of the results of other empirical research on intangible asset and company value. In order to attain the purpose of this study, the stock price is taken as the independent variable and all of intangible asset items reported to a balance sheet except the development expenditures and other development expenditures, and advertisement expenses, ordinary research & development expenditures reported on the income statement are taken as the dependent variables. In the following, I carried out four meaningful results from the analysis. First, research hypothesis 1; Book value of intangible asset reported in balance sheet bears positive relationship with company value shows that development expenditures 1 variable gives positive association in a significant level while a group of \10,000-above-company shows no relationship with company value, the other group of below-\10,000-company supports a consistently significant association. All this considering, we have to keep in mind that lack of prudence may leads to wrong results when we try to analyze. Second, research hypothesis 2; Intangible asset and other intangible asset expenditures reported on the income statement gives positive effect on company value shows that R&D accounts variables give insignificance in a statistical level to all company, including entire group, \10,000-above and below consistently. These results testify that current accounting system is valid. Third, in the case of other intangible asset, it requires further examination of current KAS because statistical results show negatively significant value or insignificant value in a statistical level. That means the more intangible assets, the less company value or nothing. Last, in the case of advertisement expenditure variables of above-\10,000 and entire company shows insignificances in a statistical level consistently while below-\10,000-company shows significant result coherently. We should regard accounting information on the advertisement expenditures of \10,000-below-company with caution. The results of this study provide controversial points whether intangible asset items reported on B/S, excluding development expenditures, should be regarded as asset. To facilitate the utility of accounting information on intangible asset, it seems necessary to regard advertisement expenditures reported on I/S as asset accounts. There are further arguments on the way of dealing with intangible asset under KAS that might be considered.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.303-316
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• 2014

This study was carried out to raise research productivity through the analysis on the research projects and to find trends of mineral resources survey and mineral deposits of the KIGAM for 38 years since the fiscal year of 1976 to 2013. The KIGAM in the projects for mineral resources survey and mineral deposits expended 67.41 billion won for last 38 years, which is 107.07 billion won calculated using the present value in 2013 at discount rate of 5%. R&D expenditure in mineral resources survey and mineral deposits of KIGAM increased approximately 59.4 times from 108 million won in 1976 to 6,420 million won in 2013, and about 9.8 times from 657 million won in 1976, as calculated using the present value in 2013. The percentage of research projects in mineral resources survey by research sub-areas was as follows: survey, 32%(90 projects); origin of ore deposits and basic research, 19%(54 projects); exploration for ore deposits, 17%(48 projects); database and information, 13%(37 projects); mineralogy and ore analysis, 9%(25 projects); and etc., 10%(27 projects). Based on analysis of research trends over the last 38 years, to raise research productivity, the existing survey research techniques with repeated use and related technology development should be enhanced.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.29-61
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• 2016

This paper explains the one of the most problematic factor in the society that leads to social inequality - increase in non-regular work. Theoretically, this expansion of non-regular work can be explained by technologies that are designed to save the labor force, especially since corporations in Korea have strategies to replace the regular workers with temporary workers, to save money. OECD also noted that Korea's income inequality is pretty high in ranking when compared with the rest of the OECD members, and says that globalization and technological innovation are the factors of this problem. To refine the argument, this study also looks at relationship between development made in sciences - which can be stated as a proxy variable to look at the advances made in technology - and expansion of temporary work force by using VAR methodology. Based on the results of this analysis in the future temporary/regular workers ratio started with decline, then turn to rise. These temporary/regular workers ratio sustained growth prediction shows that the expansion of the temporary expansion contributes to instability and social inequality in the labor market and technological change are interrelated.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.93-99
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• 2012

The effect of water temperature and body weight on oxygen consumption by the fasted olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was investigated in order to assess the metabolic rate of this species under different conditions. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was measured at three different water temperatures (15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$) and two different body weights [$9.1{\pm}1.2$ g (mean${\pm}$SD) for the juvenile group and $266.4{\pm}29.3$ g for the immature group] at an interval of 5 minutes for 24 hours using a closed flow-through respirometer. For each treatment condition, three replicates were set up and 135 fish in the juvenile group and 18 fish in the immature group were used. The OCRs exhibited a linear increase described by OCR=-82.06+28.30T ($r^2$=0.96, p<0.001) in the juvenile group and OCR=-52.52+14.73T ($r^2$=0.97, p<0.001) in the immature group. The OCRs decreased with increasing body weights at a given water temperature (p<0.001). The metabolic rate was related to the body weight of the fish as a power function with a weight exponent of between 0.77 and 0.82. $Q_{10}$ values ranged 1.67~2.28 when the temperature was between 15 and $20^{\circ}C$, 1.57~1.93 when the temperature was between 20 and $250^{\circ}C$, and 1.79~1.89 when the temperature was between 15 and $250^{\circ}C$. The energy expenditure by respiration increased with increasing water temperature and decreasing body weight (p<0.001). The mean energy loss rates at 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$ were 115.9, 149.8 and 208.2 kJ $kg^{-1}d^{-1}$ in the juvenile groups and 53.8, 81.2 and 101.9 kJ $kg^{-1}d^{-1}$ in the immature groups.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2020

The purpose of this paper is to investigate various factors affecting the efficiency of China IC industry, reflecting the resource utilization and overall development level of China IC industry. In this paper, three input indicators (R&D Expenditure, Cash paid to and for employees, Total fixed assets) and two output indicators (Net profit, Sales revenue) were selected for 17 listed companies in the IC industry with operating profit of less than 1 billion yuan in 2018 and applied the technology efficiency theory and DEA analysis method to analyze the relative efficiency of the output base. The study found that one of the 17 companies analyzed was efficient, two were inefficient on an inadequate scale, and the rest were inefficient due to insufficient production technology, scale and management level. This study argues that enterprises should reduce resource input appropriately and strengthen scientific and technological innovation management to maximize resource utilization efficiency. Therefore, this study has important practical significance for improving the efficiency of IC enterprises. The Malmquist method will be used to study the total factor productivity of small and Medium-sized companies in IC industry.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.339-348
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to predict the economic size of foods-for-elderly market, which will be valuable information for establishing related policy and backup system. After setting the scope of related industry, detailed information for current market situation was investigated and a systematic forecast for market changes in the future was performed. Economic growth, changes in consumer expenditure and economic status of the elderly, current subscription of medical insurance and saving for pension were reflected. In addition, a survey toward related firms was completed and changes in aged population and incidence of chronic disease in the elderly were taken into account. Results show that the annual growth rate of the market was predicted to be the minimum 4.54% through the maximum 8.32% from 2010 to 2025 and its market size was forecasted to be the minimum 7,073 ten million won through the maximum 10,976 ten million won. It is expected that the market of foods-for-elderly will grow rapidly with development of foods technology and fast increase of aged population. Especially, growth of health functional foods and foods for special dietary uses for elderly will be distinguished. However, it seems that related firms are on the hedge, watching current trend of the related industry. This may results in insufficient supply against the demand. Therefore, policy for foods-for-elderly should be introduced and systematically administered, including R&D support, standardization and authentication for foods-for-elderly, construction of related database system.

• Korean small business review
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.43-56
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• 2020

The technology conflict between the U.S. and China is deepening recently. The U.S.-China battle began as a national security issue but is comprehending as a U.S.'s check for China's rapid technological advancement. China is rapidly growing in several indexes including R&D expenditure, patent application, and publications, and is challenging the U.S. in 5G and Artificial Intelligence. In 2018, Huawei became the largest 5G network/equipment provider and second largest smart phone manufacturer in the world. Now, Huawei is outperforming at AI chipset manufacturing, Bigdata analysis and cloud, positioning to become a critical player in the 4th industrial revolution. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of recent Huawei issues to Korean SMEs focusing on the relation between Huawei and Korean companies; the cooperation status from the Global Value Chain (GVC) perpsective, and Korean government's policies related to Huawei's information security issues will be the three main frames for the analysis. Then, this research proposes policy implications such as increasing Korea's competitiveness in manufacturing and information security.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 2006

Background : Utilization review has been adopted as a vehicle for cost and utilization control of health care services. Its role was further stressed and expanded through the establishment of Health Insurance Review Agency in 2001. This article is to introduce concept, activities, and effect of utilization review based on the experiences of U.S. and to suggest important characteristics for ideal utilization review activities at the national level in Korea. Method : Twenty-five articles related with utilization review were reviewed after being selected through web site search through Med Line and Richis. Result : Utilization review was introduced mainly for health care expenditure control either by insurer, provider or the third parties under the pressure of increasing health care cost. It's activities can be categorized to prospective, concurrent and retrospective review according to the time of service provision. Based on most of studies, utilization review has been effective in controling rising health care cost and utilization. However it's effectiveness assumes a reimbursement structure of managed care like capitation payment. More worse, it is still unknown it's effectiveness on quality of care. Conclusion : Utilization review should be employed to increase the cost effectiveness of medical care by optimizing quality and patient's outcomes while also attempting to reduce the use of resources. So, it should consider outcomes before expenditures, check for both under and over-use, and construct an structure in which consumption is reduced equitably. Aggressive adoption of utilization review in Korean health care setting with fee-for-service reimbursement structure might not be a cost-effective approach before adoption of prospective payment system such as D.R.G. and capitation.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.1-15
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• 2018

Purpose - This study investigates the effect of MNEs' characteristics on the use of foreign currency denominated debt in the context of Korean firms. This study examines the relationship between MNEs and the use of foreign debt focusing on the accessibility to the capital market in addition to the motive of hedging against foreign exchange exposure. Research design and methodology - Probit estimation is employed for estimating significant factors in determination of the use of foreign debt by firms. The dependent variable is a dummy variable to indicate whether a firm uses foreign debt or not at the end of 2004. Independent variables include foreign subsidiaries ratio, export to sale, R&D expenditure to sale, and credit rating. Results - The results show that the interaction between the level of internationalization represented by intra-regional diversification and the strategic characteristics embedded in the region of entry affects the use of foreign debt. In case of a high level of diversification within the developing region with a strong pursuit of asset exploitation, MNEs are more likely to use foreign debt, whereas a high level of diversification within the developed region with a strong pursuit of asset seeking, MNEs are less likely to use foreign debt. Conclusions - The differences between MNEs in terms of intra-regional diversification, strategic orientation, and the accessibility to capital markets as well as the hedging motive affect the use of foreign debt.