• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.18 no.12
• /
• pp.581-588
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted to determine which factors would predict metabolic syndrome (MetS) perception and exercise by applying a machine learning classifier, or Extreme Gradient Boosting algorithm (XGBoost) from July 2014 to December 2015. Data were obtained from the Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS), representing different community-dwelling Korean adults 19 years and older, from 2009 to 2013. The dataset includes 370,430 adults. Outcomes were categorized as follows based on the perception of MetS and physical activity (PA): Stage 1 (no perception, no PA), Stage 2 (perception, no PA), and Stage 3 (perception, PA). Features common to all questionnaires for the last 5 years were selected for modeling. Overall, there were 161 features, categorical except for age and the visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS). We used the Extreme Boosting algorithm in R programming for a model to predict factors and achieved prediction accuracy in 0.735 submissions. The top 10 predictive factors in Stage 3 were: age, education level, attempt to control weight, EQ mobility, nutrition label checks, private health insurance, EQ-5D usual activities, anti-smoking advertising, EQ-VAS, education in health centers for diabetes, and dental care. In conclusion, the results showed that XGBoost can be used to identify factors influencing disease prevention and management using healthcare bigdata.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.40 no.7
• /
• pp.474-482
• /
• 1996

Two crystal structures of the vacuum dehydrated $Ag^+$-exchanged zeolite X have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd3 at 21(1)$^{\circ}C$ (a=24.922(1)${\AA}$ and a=24.901(1)${\AA}$, respectively). Each crystal was ion exchanged in flowing streams of aqueous $AgNO_3$ for three days. The first crystal was dehydrated at 300$^{\circ}C$ and $2{\times}10^{-6$torr for two days. The second crystal was similarly dehydrated at 350$^{\circ}C$. Their structures were refined to the final error indices, $R_1=0.095\;and\;R_2=0.092$ with 227 reflections, and $R_1=0.096\;and\;R_2=0.087$ with 334 reflections, respectively, for which I > 3${\sigma}$(I). In the first crystal, Ag species are found at five different crystallographic sites: sixteen $Ag^+$ ions fill the site I, the center of the double 6-ring, thirty-two Ag0 atoms fill the I' site in the sodalite cavities opposite double six-rings, seventeen $Ag^+$ ions lie at the 32-fold site II' inside the sodalite cavity at the single six-oxygen ring in the supercage, fifteen Ag+ ions lie at the 32-fold site II, in the supercage, and the remaining twelve $Ag^+$ ions lie at site III' in the supercage at a little off two-fold axes. In the second crystal, all Ag species are located similarly as crystal 1; 16 at site I, 28 at site I', 16 at site II, 16 at site II', 6 at site III and 6 at site III'. Total 88 silver species were found per unit cell. The remaining four Ag atoms were migrated out of the zeolite framework to form small silver crystallites on the surface of the zeolite single crystal. In the first structure, the numbers of Ag atoms per unit cell are approximately 32.0 and these may form tetrahedral $Ag_4$ clusters at the centers of the sodalite cavities. The probable four-atom cluster is stabilized by coordination to two $Ag^+$ ions. The Ag-Ag distance in the cluster, ca. 3.05 ${\AA}$, is a little longer than 2.89 ${\AA}$, Ag-Ag distance in silver metal. At least two six-ring $Ag^+$ ions on sodalite cavity (site II') must necessarily approach this cluster and this cluster may be viewed as a distorted octahedral silver cluster, (Ag6)2+.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.243-247
• /
• 1989

Two crystal structures of dehydrated $Ag^+\;and\;Ca^{2+}$ exchanged zeolite A, $Ag_2Ca_$5-A, reacting with 0.01 Torr of Cs vapor at $200^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours and 0.1 Torr of Cs vapor at $250^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours, respectively, have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Their structures were solved and refined in the cubic space group Pm3m at $21(1)^{\circ}C$. The stoichiometry of first crystal was $Ag_2Ca_5$-A (a = 12.294(1)${\AA}$), indicating that Cs vapor did not react with cations in zeolite A and that of second crystal was $Ag_2Cs_{10}$-A (a = 12.166(1)${\AA}$), indicating that all $Ca^{2+}$ ions were reduced by Cs vapor and replaced by $Cs^+$ ions. Full-matrix least-squares refinements of $Ag_2Ca_5-A\;and\;Ag_2Cs_{10}$-A has converged to the final error indices, $R_1\;=\;0.041\;and\;R_2$ = 0.048 with 227 reflections, and $R_1\;=\;0.117\;an\;n\;fdd\;R_2$ = 0.120 with 167 reflections, respectively, for which I > $3{\sigma}$(I). In the structure of $Ag_2Ca_5$-A, both $Ag^+$ ions and $Ca^{2+}$ ions lie on two crystal symmetrically independent threefold axis sites on the 6-rings; $2\;Ag^+$ ions are recessed 0.33 ${\;AA}$ from the (111) planes of three O(3) oxygens and 5 $Ca^{2+}$ ions lie on the nearly center of each 6-oxygen planes. In the structure of $Ag_2Cs_{10}-A,\;Cs^+$ ions lie on the 5 different crystallographic sites. 3 $Cs^+$ ions lie at the centers of the 8-rings at sites of D4h symmetry. 6 $Cs^+$ ions lie on the threefold axes of unit cell: $4\;Cs^+$ ions are found deep in the large cavity and 2 $Cs^+$ ions are found in the sodalite cavity. One $Cs^+$ ion is found in the large cavity near a 4-ring.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.18-24
• /
• 1989

Two crystal structures of dehydrated $Ag^+$ and $Rb^+$ exchanged zeolite A, stoichiometries of $Ag_{9}Rb_{3}-A$ (a = 12.278(2)${\AA}$) and $Ag_{10}Rb_{2}-A$ (a = 12.286(2)${\AA}$) per unit cell, have been determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction techniques. Their structures were solved and refined in the cubic space group Pm3m at 21(1)$^{\circ}$C. The crystals of $Ag_{10}Rb_{2}-A$ and $Ag_{10}Rb_{2}-A$ were prepared by flow methods using exchanged solution in which mole ratios of AgNO$_3$ and RbNO$_3$ were 1:5 and 1:50, respectively, with the total concentration of 0.05 M. The structures of the dehydrated $Ag_{9}Rb_{3}-A$ and the $Ag_{10}Rb_{2}-A$ were refined to the final error indices, $R_1$ = 0.064 and $R_2$ = 0.060 with 291 reflections, and $R_1$ = 0.063 and $R_2$ = 0.080 with 416 reflections respectively, for which I >3${\sigma}$(I). In both structures, one reduced silver atom per unit cell was found inside the sodalite cavity. It may be present as a hexasilver cluster in 1/6 of the sodalite units or as an isolated Ag atom coordinated to 4 $Ag^+$ ions in each sodalite unit to give $(Ag_5)^{4+}$, symmetry 4 mm. In the structure of dehydrated $Ag_{9}Rb_{3}-A$, 8 $Ag^+$ ions lie on the threefold axis and each is nearly at the center of the 8-rings at the sites of $D_{4h}$ symmetry. In the structure of dehydrated $Ag_{10}Rb_{2}-A$, two crystallographically different eight 6-ring $Ag^+$ ions were found; $7Ag^+$ ions in the (111) planes of their O(3) framework oxygens and one $Ag^+$ ion inside of sodalite cavity. Two crystallographically different 8-ring cations were also found; two $Rb^+$ ions at the centers of the 8-oxygen rings and one $Ag^+$ ion into the large cavity. Both structures indicate that $Rb^+$ ions prefer to occupy the 8-ring sites, while $Ag^+$ ions prefer to occupy the 6-ring sites.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.417-433
• /
• 2010

Purpose: This study evaluated the manpower planning of dental technicians. Methods: Methods : Survey was conducted regarding subject's general characteristics, characteristics of dental technician's occupational view and working conditions, and reason to enter into branches of the public health enter. The survey sample consisted of 323 dental technicians (221 male/ 102 female). Survey was conducted for one month from August 1 to September 1 in 2010. Following results were obtained. Results: 1. Regarding general characteristics of the subjects, there was a slight male predilection with 68.4%. Subjects in their 40s occupied the highest proportion of 32.2%. Majority of subjects worked in the big cities (71.5%). Favored working places were dental laboratory (57.6%) and dental hospital or dental clinic (19.5%). Although no position is available in the public sector such as public health center or health care civil servant, 9.3% preferred working in the public health center. Public sector is more favored than 2-year technical colleges or dental supply and equipment companies. In respect to education, 57% of the subjects graduated college. 67.8% were married. Subjects who specialize in the porcelain or all-ceramic were 57.9%. With regard to current position, head of the dental laboratory was most common. 2. Following occupation characteristics were found. Economic reason took the highest proportion when deciding their occupation (39.9%) followed by gaining social experience (36.5%). Majority of the subjects (76.5%) wanted to work as dental technicians until their retirement. 71.5% pursuit to become a manager of the dental laboratory. 76.1% agreed on opening a dental technician position in the public health center. Regarding an authority to lead developing the dental technician position in the public sector, majority of the subject chose ministry of health and welfare (35.6%) and Korean dental technologist association (34.7%). Employment (average, 30%) and turnover rate (average, 36.5%) of dental technology college graduates ranged from 40% to 60%. Most important factors for the employment were practical experience (41.2%) and competency (34.4%). With regard to job satisfaction, so-so as 46.7% and satisfactory was 42.7% 3. In respect to the reason for opening a position in the public health center, 'It is needed to continue denture rogram for elderly patients' obtained the highest score (4.14 point). 'Institutional devices are required to open a position for dental technicians as a public healthcare provider' received high score (4.11 point). 4. Concerning the working conditions, 'professional knowledge is required' received the highest score (4.23) followed by 'too short maternity and parental leave' (4.21). 5. Relationship between general characteristics of the subjects and favor of working in the public health center was investigated. Significant differences were found according to the current and favored working area, favored occupation, education level, marital status, and specialty. Working in the public health center was favored by following subjects: working in mid- or small-sized cities (4.16 point, p<0.05); PhD degree-holder (4.59 point, p<0.01). 6. Among general characteristics of the subjects, significant difference of working conditions was found in the following factors: gender; working areas; favored working areas; favored working positions, and education level. Majority of subjects favored working in big cities and currently work in big cities although satisfaction was comparatively low (3.75 score). 7. Future plan to work in public health center was evaluated according to occupational characteristics. Subject's intention to work in the public healthcare center was significantly affected by opening of dental technician position, leading authority, average turnover rate, and factors affecting employment. Working in the public health care center was favored by the following subjects: Dental technicians who actively supported opening of the dental technician position (4.34 point, p<0.001); subjects who thought the Korean dental technologist association is responsible for the opening of positions in the public sector (4.26 point, p<0.001); and subjects who thought that attitude and character are important for the employment (p<0.001). 8. Concerning difference of working conditions according to the occupational characteristics, significant difference was demonstrated by factors such as a reason to choose to be a dental technician, work plan, pursuing position, responsible authority, average employment rate, and job satisfaction. High standard of working conditions was required in subjects who selected to be a dental technician for the leisure time after work (s.05 point, p<0.01), who planted to work until their marriage (4.25 point, p<0.001), and who pursuit to be a manager (3.98, p<0.05). 9. In respect to influence of general characteristics on the advancement to public health centers, the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.068 and age affected the working condition with significant difference according to the pvalue. 10. Regarding influence of general characteristics on the advancement to public health centers, the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.335 and work plan, opening of dental technician position in the public sector, and responsible authority had significant influence over the subject's intention to work in the public health center according to the p-value. 11. With regard to the influence of general characteristics on the advancement to public health centers, the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.091 and reason to choose to be a dental technician, work plan, and responsible authority significantly affected subject's working conditions. Conclusion: Korean society is becoming a super-aged society according to several statistics. As aged population is rapidly increasing, national health insurance plans to cover denture for senior citizen over 75 years old from 2012. Therefore, dental technicians are urgently needed in the public health centers all over the nation. Many subjects in this study planed to work until their retirement and recognized dental technician's expertise. Ministry of health and welfare and Korean dental technologist association should co-operate each other to prepare foundation and institutional devices for dental technicians to advance into the public health center. This will improve oral health of the population. This study showed urgency of medical facilities and services which meets increasing number of aged population and welfare of the population.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.27 no.10
• /
• pp.1417-1425
• /
• 2014

The selection of morphologically normal spermatozoa is critical to obtain high breeding performances in boar breeding farms and artificial insemination (AI) centers. Parameters for the selection of semen mainly include total sperm motility, concentration, and morphology. However, these primary parameters are often not reliable for discriminating between normal and abnormal, non-fertilizable spermatozoa. The present study was designed to compare the motion characteristics, fertilization ability using in vitro fertilization (IVF), and acrosome formation of the semen from boars having low (boar number 2012) and normal (boar number 2004 and 2023) breeding performances. The ultimate goal was to identify additional simple and easy criteria for the selection of normal sperm. There was no significant difference between boar 2004 and boar 2023 sperm total motility in computer assisted sperm analysis. However, boar number 2012 semen presented a significantly reduced population of rapid moving spermatozoa and an increased population of slow moving spermatozoa compared to boar numbers 2004 and 2023. Analysis of detailed motion characteristics revealed that sperm from boar number 2012 had significantly reduced motility in progressiveness, average path velocity, straight-line velocity (VSL), curvilinear velocity (VCL), straightness, and linearity. The assessment of the fertilizing ability by IVF also showed that sperm from boar number 2012 showed a fertility rate of 3.4%, whereas sperm from boar number 2023 had a fertility rate of 75.45%. Interestingly, most of the sperm nuclei were found on the peripheral area of the oocytes, suggesting that the sperm from boar number 2012 lacked penetration ability into the oocyte zonapellucida. The acrosome formation analysis using Pisum sativum agglutinin staining demonstrated that the sperm from boar number 2012 had a defect in acrosome formation. Consequently, primary parameters for selecting semen before AI such as motility are not sufficient to select normal and fertilizable spermatozoa. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the acrosome staining and detailed motion characteristics such as progressiveness, VCL, and VSL should be included in determining semen quality together with primary parameters for successful AI and high breeding performance in the swine industry.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.21-30
• /
• 2011

In the global IT market, a lot of issues for responding to various environmental regulations emerged. In case of the data centers, it is consuming huge amounts of energy to maintain. So there have been various technical attempts as Consolidation, Virtualization, Optimization to efficiently manage energy and data storage to fix the problems. In this paper, we propose a new RAID(Redundant Array of Independent Disks) mechanism which is differing the intensity of power consumption and works to provide data protection and disaster recovery(backup, mirroring etc.) to stratify multiple volumes. G-RAID minimize the power consumption and the lower of I/O performance by selecting the volume depending on the frequency of data access while classifying the power consumption between volumes in storage system. Also, it is possible that a filesystem and block map information of G-RAID is processed by basic unit which is group located in a row for the blocks to work efficiently and can minimize the performance degradation of block mapping load by the access frequency in each groups. As a result, we obtained to elevate a little bit of response time caused by block relocation work, but showed the decrease of power consumption by 38%.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.29 no.7
• /
• pp.17-36
• /
• 2013

In this paper, the empirical relations of skin friction and end bearing resistance with the results of site investigation in soft rock are proposed through the analysis of bi-directional pile load tests of rock socketed drilled shafts performed at large offshore bridge foundations and high-rise building projects (13 test piles in 4 projects). The site investigation and drilling for bi-directional pile load tests were performed at the centers of test piles, and f-w curves for skin friction and q-w curves for end bearing were plotted based on load-transfer measurements. From the above curves, the empirical relations of skin friction and end bearing resistance with the results of site investigation depending on the mobilized displacement are determined by multiple regression analysis and compared with previous studies. Since the f-w and q-w curves of rock-socketed piles in Korea show hardening behavior according to mobilized displacement, the developed empirical relations by the mobilized displacement are more reasonable than those of previous studies which could not consider the mobilized displacement and suggested the ultimate capacity with unconfined compressive strength only. Particularly, the developed equations correlated with unconfined compressive strength show the best correlations among the equations correlated with other parameters.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.41-48
• /
• 2007

Large colorless single crystals of sodium zeolite X, stoichiometry |Na80 |[Si112Al80O384]-FAU, with diameters up to 200 μm and Si/Al = 1.41 have been synthesized from gels with the composition of 2.40SiO2 : 2.00NaAlO2 : 7.52NaOH : 454H2O : 5.00TEA. One of these, a colorless octahedron about 200 μm in cross-section has been treated with aqueous 0.1 M KNO3 for the preparation of K+-exchanged zeolite X. The crystal structure of |K80|[Si112Al80O384]-FAU per unit cell, a = 24.838(4) A, dehydrated at 673 K and 1 × 10-6 Torr, has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd at 294 K. The structure was refined using all intensities to the final error indices (using only the 707 reflections for which Fo > 4σ (Fo)) R1 = 0.075 (based on F) and R2 = 0.236 (based on F2). About 80 K+ ions per unit cell are found at an unusually large number of crystallographically distinct positions, eight. Eleven K+ ions are at the centers of double 6-rings (D6Rs, site I; K-O = 2.492(6) A and O-K-O (octahedral) = 88.45(22)o and 91.55(22)o). Site-I' position (in the sodalite cavities opposite D6Rs) is occupied by five K+ ions per unit cell; these K+ ions are recessed 1.92 A into the sodalite cavities from their 3-oxygen planes (K-O = 2.820(19) A, and O-K-O = 78.6(6)o). Twety-three K+ ions are found at three nonequivalent site II (in the supercage) with occupancies of 5, 9, and 9 ions; these K+ ions are recessed 0.43 A, 0.75 A, and 1.55 A, respectively, into the supercage from the three oxygens to which it is bound (K-O = 2.36(13) A, 2.45(13) A, and 2.710(13) A, O-K-O = 116.5(20)o, 110.1(17)o, and 90.4(6)o, respectively). The remaining sixteen, thirteen, and twelve K+ ions occupy three sites III' near triple 4-rings in the supercage (K-O = 2.64(3) A, 2.94(3) A, 2.73(5) A, 2.96(6) A, 3.06(4) A, and 3.08(3) A).

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.27-33
• /
• 2015

Purpose - The ICT market in the EU is lagging behind that of the US; however, algorithm and software development within the EU have grown steadily, and they involve focusing on the creative cultural convergence conceptualized as part of Horizon 2020 and connecting neighboring markets in the EE and the Mediterranean region. It is essential to study the requirements to market the EU's creative ICT development in emerging industrial countries after examining its applicability in these countries. Research design, data, and methodology - This study deals with data pertaining to the EU's creative industry and competitive edge. The global cultural expansion of the EU facilitates a new concept involving not only low-cost IT products to enhance local cultural artifacts through R&D and the construction of efficient infrastructure services, but also information exchange with a realistic commercialization of the technology that can be applied for creative cultural localization. In the European industry, research on algorithms has been applied for the benefit of consumers. We investigated how the process is conducted in the EU. Results - Europe needs to adjust its economic structure to the local culture as part of IT distribution convergence. The convergence has been converted into a production algorithm with IT in the form of low-cost production. This is because there is an attempt to improve the quality of transport infrastructure, workforce availability, and the distribution of the distance to the local industries and consumers, using IT algorithms. Integrated into the manufacturing industry, based on the ICT infrastructure and solutions, smart localized regional clusters are formed with the help of grafting. Europe has own strategy to increase the number of hub-and-spoke cities. Europe is now becoming integrated, with an EPC system for regional cooperation rather than national competition in ICT technology. Europe has also been recognized in this study as changing the step-by-step paradigm for global competitiveness through new creative culture industries. Conclusions - As a result, there are several ways of converging with others through EU R&D intensity; therefore, the EU can be seen as successfully increasing marginal value, which is useful in developing a special industrial cluster or local cultural cities that create converged development by connecting people and objects with IT. In fact, when compared to the US, Europe has a strong culture and the car industries have a tendency to overshadow the IT industries with integration of services in IT distribution. Considering the rapid environmental changes, the convergence of IT services is likely to take place in Europe, similar to the pharmaceutical industry and the automotive industry. This requires a focus on human resources and automated systems management. The trend is to move away from low-wage industries, switched to key personnel centers of the local university-industry. EU emphasizes the creation of IT market demand in Europe involving local cultural convergence for marketing as the second step to strengthen the economic hub-and-spoke areas.