• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.53-58
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• 2002

Quinacrine, a pH-sensitive fluorescence probe, which exists either as an unprotonated fluorescence form or a protonated noufluorescence form, can be used to measure the proton transport activity of $H^+-ATPase$. Quinacrine was used to determine the optimal conditions for measuring the activity of microsomal $H^+-ATPase$ prepared from the roots of tomato plants. The amount of quinacrine fluorescence quenching obtained at $0.43{\mu}g/{\mu}l$ of microsomal protein concentration was 25-26%, which shows that the enzyme activity of 100 nmol/min decreases 10% of quinacrine fluorescence. Maximal fluorescence quenching was obtained at pH 7.0-7.2 and 2 mM $Mg^{2+}$ Because the activity of microsomal $H^+-ATPase$ is also maximal at these conditions, the quinacrine fluorescence well represents the activity of $H^+-ATPase$. Vanadate and $NO_3-$, specific inhibitors of plasma and vacuolar $H^+-ATPases$, respectively, were successfully applied to inhibit the quinacrine fluorescence quenching mediated by the corresponding $H^+-ATPases$. These results imply that quinacrine is a useful tool for measuring the proton transport activities of microsomes obtained from the root tissue of tomato plants.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 1985

Attempts were made to evaluate the efficacy of three fluorochromes, i.e., DAPI (4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylin-dole-2HCl), aniline blue and quinacrine(quinacrine mustard dihydrochloride) for the detection of mycoplasma infections in jujube (Zizyphus jujuba), mulberry (Mows alba) trees and periwinckle (Catharanthus roseus) plant by fluorescence microscopy. Stem sections from these plants infected with mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO) produced distinct fluorescence in the phloem when stained with DAPI, aniline blue or quinacrine, while fluorescence was absent in the healthy plants. The use of these fluorochromes provided simple and efficient techniques for the diagnosis of MLO infections. IOf the three fluorochromes tested, DAPI was found to be most efficient.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.189-194
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• 1995

The focus of this study was to investigate the influences of enzymatic scavengers of active oxygen metabolites and phospholipase $A_2$ inhibitor on hepatic secretory and microsomal function during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion. Rats were pretreated with free radical scavengers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, deferoxamine and phospholipase $A_2$ inhibitor such as quinacrine and then subjected to 60 min. no-flow hepatic ischemia in vivo. After 1, 5 hr of reperfusion, bile was collected, blood was obtained from the abdominal aorta, and liver microsomes were isolated. Serum aminotransferase (ALT) level was increased at 1 hr and peaked at 5 hr. The increase in ALT was significantly attenuated by SOD plus catalase, deferoxamine and quinacrine especially at 5 hr of reperfusion. The wet weight-to-dry weight ratio of the liver was significantly increased by ischemia/reperfusion. SOD and catalase treatment minimized the increase in this ratio. Hepatic lipid peroxidiltion was elevated by ischemia/reperfusion, and this elevation was inhibited by free radical scavengers and quina crine. Bile flow and cholate output, but not bilirubin output, were markedly decreased by ischemia/reperfusion and quinacrine restored the secretion. Cytochrome $P_{450}$ content was decreased by ischemia/reperfusion and restored by free radical scavengers and quinacrine to the level of that of the sham operated group. Aminopyrine N-demethylase activity was decreased and aniline p-hydroxylase was increased by ischemia/reperfusion. The changes in the activities of the two enzymes were prevented by free radical scavengers and quinacrine. Our findings suggest that ischemia/reperfusion diminishes hepatic secretory functions as well as microsomal drug metabolizing systems by increasing lipid peroxidation, and in addition to free radicals, other factors such as phospholipase $A_2$ are involved in pathogenes of hepatic dysfunction after ischemia/reperfusion.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.103-106
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• 2000

Bacillus cereus KCTC 3674 excretes at least two kinds of extracellular proteases into the growth medium. Two major bands of the protease activity with molecular weights of approximately 100 and 38 kDa were obtained after gelatin-SDS-PAGE. The protease with a molecular weight of 38kDa was identified as an extracellular neutral (metallo-) protease. The neutral protease was quite thermostabile but labile to alkaline pH. On the contrary, the 100-kDa protease was thermolabile but stable to alkaline pH. The production of 38-kDa neutral protease was strongly affected by temperature, oxygen, carbonylcyanied m-chlorophenylhydrazone(CCCP) that was defined as a protonophofre, and cerulenin which inhibited lipid synthesis and caused changes in the membrane composition. On the other hand, the production of the 100-kDa protease was strongly affected by only temperature and cerulenin. Quinacrine (0.2 mM), which inhibits the penicillinase-releasing proteases of Bacillus licheniformis, had no effect, whatsoever, on the production of extracellular proteases in B.cereus KCTC 3674.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.98-101
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• 1976

Clinical observations were made on a total 104 cases of spontaneous pneumothorax during the period of 5 years from MAR. 1971 to MAR. 1976 at the Dept. of Chest Surgery, Korea University Medical College. The ratio of male to female cases was 7.4 : 1 in male predominance, and age distribution was 73% of the total cases within the 15-40 age range. There were 56 patients (53.8%) of right sided pneumothorax and 44 patients (42.3%) of left sided pneumothorax, 8 patients presented bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax. The etiologic factors were tuberculous origin in 42.3%, rupture of bullae or blebs in 15.4%, acute pulmonary infection in 3.8%, pulmonary paragonimiasis in 2.9%, cysticercosis 1%, Marfan's syndrome in 1.9%, unknown causes in 32.7%. In all 104 cases, closed chest tube thoracostomy were performed for reexpansion of collapsed lung. In 50 cases of 104 cases, intrapleural instillation of Quinacrine HCl (Atabrine, Winthrop Laboratories, New York, N.Y.) thru the chest tube was used to control of recurrent pneumothorax, and compared observation with 54 cases control group of closed chest tube thoracostomy only. In both groups, 1) cure rates were 63% in control group and 88% in Atabrine group. 2) average duration of inserted chest tube were 5.6 days in control group and 5.7 days in Atabrine group.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1989

We have recently reported that $Mg^{++}-deficiency$ showed endothelium dependent relaxation in isolated canine coronary arteries precontracted with $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$. To differentiate the release of EDRF or $PGI_2$ from the endothelium cells as the cause of vasorelaxation by $Mg^{++}-deficiency$, effects of several inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism on the relaxation by $Mg^{++}-deficiency$ were evaluated and also compared with that of acetylcholine. Ibuprofen and tranylcypromine ($10{\mu}M$), an inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase and $PGI_2$ synthetase, respectively, did not effect on $Mg^{++}-free$ induced vasorelaxation. Pretreatment of quinacrine ($10{\mu}M$), an inhibitor of phospholipase $A_2$ and also $Ca^{++}$ uptake, blocked vasorelaxation by $Mg^{++}-free$. But trifluoperazine ($10{\mu}M$), which is about as potent as quinacrine in the inhibition of $Ca^{++}$ uptake, did not effect on $Mg^{++}-deficiency$ induced vasorelaxation. NDGA ($10{\mu}M$), an inhibitor of lipoxygenase, completely restored $Mg^{++}-free$ induced vasorelaxation, even though pretreatment of that was not blocked which might be due to the characteristics of vasorelaxation of NDGA itself. Pretreatment of methylene blue ($10{\mu}M$), which is known as a inhibitor of EDRF through the blocking effect of guanylate cyclase, completely blocked vasorelaxation by $Mg^{++}-free$ as well as acetylcholine ($0.1{\mu}M$). Acetylcholine-induced dose response curve was also antagonized by pretreatment of quinacrine ($10{\mu}M$), but not by ibuprofen, tranylcypromine and NDGA. These results appear to suggest that $Mg^{++}-free$ induced vasorelaxation was mediated by the release of EDRF through the activation of phospholipase $A_2$ and noncyclo-oxygenase on arachidonate metabolism.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 1979

This experiment was carried out to clarify the methods of the F-body test in human and the B-body test in buil and hog. The effect of pH and albumin concentration on the migration of X- and Y- sperm was also investigated. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. In the human semen, the frequency of sperm in which an F-body is visible was different by the fluorochrome. Namely, in case of quinacrine mustard, the F-body frequency was 48.8∼43.4 percent (average 49.6%), and in case of quinacrine dihydrochloride, that was 40.7∼50.8 percent (average 42.0%). 2. The frequency of a, pp.rance of B-body was 43.4${\pm}$1.3 percent in bull semen, and 45.5${\pm}$0.7 percent in hog semen. 3. A, pp.arance of B-body in bovine semen was increased due to duration of time after washing till 12 hours. 4. Separation of X- and Y- spermatozoa using diluents with different hydrogen ion concentration was impossible. 5. A, pp.arance of B-body separated in medium with 6, 10 and 20% ovalbumin was 51.1${\pm}$2.4, 50.6${\pm}$2.5 and 58.2${\pm}$3.0 percent, respectively, and those values were significiantly higher (p<0.01) than corresponding control values.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.224-230
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• 1987

Effects Of organic compound, photosensitizer and $K^+$ ion influx. On the light-induced ATPase of mitochondria in L. edodes purified by linear sucrose density gradient centrifugation were studied. The mitochondrial ATPase activity was investigated by various wavelength illumination at dark state. The mitochondrial ATPase was activated 139% and 128% by 10m mol dithiothreitol and 0.1m mol quinacrine, respectively. This enzyme also was activated 36% by 0.1m mol phenazine methosulfate as photosensitizer. But, 100 mg oligomycin and 1m mol phlorizin inhibited activity of enzyme to 48% and 45%, respectively. Its optimum wavelength was 690 nm on the effect of $K^+$ ion influx, its optimum pH and temperature were found to be 7.2 and $55^{\circ}C$.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 1984

In order to obtain high proportion of Y sperm the semen was laid over 6%,10% and 20% bovine serum albumin. Separated sperm were stained with quinacrine mustard in order to see F - body which could be seen in human Y sperm. But we could'nt find F-body in the bull sperm. So sperm were compared with size of sperm head. As a result of observation separated sperm was small in size of length and width of sperm head as compared with control sperm. So it was found that the proportion of Y sperm showed a marked increase in separated layer. Then the higher albumin density was, the higher the proportion of Y sperm which had smaller head and faster motility was. But the higher albumin density was, the lower the recovery rate of sperm was. So it was hard to separate Y sperm in oligospermia.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.579-584
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• 1996

The molecular weight of the purified nucleoside oxidase estimated by gel filtration column chromatography was 480,000 and the enzyme protein was composed of four nonidentical subunits (81,000, 69,000, 32,000 and 16,000). On the basis of the visible absorption spectra and the enzymatic determination of the purified enzyme, the enzyme was supposed as a hemoprotein and also a flavoprotein containing 3 moles of FAD per I mole of enzyme. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was pH 5.1. Addition of metal salts such as 1 mM SnCl$_{2}$ and PbCl$_{2}$ into an enzyme reaction solution inhibited the enzyme activity by 94 and 90%, respectively. The enzyme activity was also lost significantly by hemoenzyme inhibitors such as NaCN and NaN$_{3}$ and flavoenzyme inhibitor, acriflavine and quinacrine. The maximal nucleoside oxidase activity was observed at pH 7.0 and 55$\circ$C. The nucleoside oxidase was relatively stable in the range of pH 5.5-9.0 and below 55$\circ$C.