• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.3
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• pp.249-258
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• 2020

The purpose of this study examined the succession by vegetation type after forest ecosystem restoration in the Baramjae area. Vegetation of the Baramjae area was classified using a survey of 81 sites from May to October 2019. The vegetation type was classified as Pinus densiflora community group with both Quercus mongolica community and P. densiflora typical community. The group unit was further classified as the Quercus dentata typical subgroup, Salix koreensis subgroup, and Q. mongolica typical subgroup. Such as Q. mongolica, Quercus variavilis in vegetation unit 1, Q. mongolica, Q. dentata in vegetation unit 2, P. densiflora in vegetation unit 3 and S. koreensis in vegetation unit 4 were shown a high importance value. The difference in species by vertical layer is explained by sere. Based on the vegetation type classification system, Detrended Correspondence Analysis was conducted to observe the trend of succession. Since restoration, vegetation unit 1 and vegetation unit 2 were considered to have developed the most extensive vegetation. In vegetation unit 2 and vegetation unit 4, many of the species found were in the early vegetation development in S. koreensis subgroup. Accordingly, vegetation in the Baramjae area can be categorized as a stepwise succession.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.329-335
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• 1992

Bionomics of diplopodes was studid near chongyongchi in the chiri mountains from sept. 1990 to dec. 1991 by surveying 10 sample sites at 12 occasions. During this period 13 species of diplopodes from 11 genera, 8 families, and 6 orders were collected. Species were more diversed under quercus mongolica followed by quercus serrata and pinus densiflora sp. epenerchodus koreanus bifidus, and e. k. koreanus were found in all sample sites and these 6 species have been reported to be distributed throughout south korea. yamasinaium sp., riukiaria semicirculalis, parafontaria koreanus, and sicotanus eurygaster were found only under quercus mongolica community and postulated to be related to diet meanwhile other enviromental factors such as temperature, soil ph, and altitude should be taken into consideration. Species diversity index was higher at altitude 700m followed by at 900m, 1, 000m, 800m, 600m, 500m, 1, 100m, 400m, 300m, and 1, 200m in discending order likely due to the enviromental factors such as climatic and edaphic affects, disturbance by human, and degree of floral diversity. Species similarity index was highest 0.78 between altitude 500m and 600m sample sites could be grouped into 3, namely first 300m, 400m, second 500m, 600m, 700m, 1, 000m, 800m, 900m, and third 1, 100m, 1, 200m.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.98-105
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• 2008

To investigate the vegetation structure of the region from Bukhansanseong to Insubong in Bukhansan National park, 16 plost$(2500m^2)$ set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Three groups Quercus mongolica-Mixed Broad leaved community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, Quercus mongolica community was classified (or communities were classified) by cluster analysis. Quercus mongolica were found as a major woody plant species in Bukhansan National park region. High positive correlation were proved between Quercus mongolica and Rhododendron; Quercus mongolica and Rhus tricocarpa; Rhododendron mucronulatum and Rhododendron schlippenbachi; Symplocos chinensis and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Acer pseudosieboldianum and Magnolia sieboldii, and relatively high negative correlation was proved between Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Rhododendron mucronulatum; Juniperus rigid a and Acer pseudosieboldianum; Styrax obassia and Acer pseudosieboldianum. Species diversity(H') of investigated groups were ranged from $1.236\sim1.319$ and it was relatively high compared to those of the ridge area of other national parks.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.4
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• pp.379-391
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• 2009

This study was carried out to classify forest vegetation structure of Mt. Munsu and Mt. Okseok from May to September in 2008 using phytosociological analysis methodology of Z-M school under the purpose of furnishing basic materials for rational and scientific forest management. Total of one hundred five study sites (quadrats) was investigated in the area. Quercus mongolica community group was divided into 5 communities such as Pinus densiflora for. erecta community, Hydrangea serrata for. acuminata community, Salix gracilistyla community, Pinus koraiensis community and Larix kaempferi community. Pinus densiflora for. erecta community was subdivided into Rhododendron micranthum group, Quercus variabilis group and Pinus densiflora for. erecta typical group. Hydrangea serrata for. acuminata community also into Ligularia fischeri group, Deutzia glabrata group (into Juglans mandshurica subgroup, Prunus maackii subgroup and Callicarpa japonica subgroup). Accordingly, the vegetation of the study areas could be described as 1 community group, 5 communities, 5 groups, and 3 subgroups and as 10 units in total. Classified vegetation units were highly correlated with altitude and topography. According the analysis of interspecific association, it was shown as three types which were coincident with differential species and character species on the constancy table.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.513-531
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• 2018

This study compared forest vegetation in Chungcheongnam-do Provincial Park (Deogsan, Chilgabsan, and Daedunsan) from 2006 to 2016. The results of the analysis on the vegetation of the research sites by the phytosociological method showed that the Deogsan Provincial Park had Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community, Q. variabilis community, and Zelkova serrata community. Chilgabsan Provincial Park had Q. variabilis community, Q. mongolica community, P. densiflora community, and Carpinus laxiflora community. Daedunsan Provincial Park had Q. mongolica community, Q. variabilis community, Q. serrata community, C. tschonoskii community, C. laxiflora community, P. densiflora community, and Q. acutissima community. The importance value in each Provincial Parks was analyzed as follows. The importance value of Q. mongolica(72.35) was the highest in Deogsan Provincial Park, and followed by P. densiflora(70.25), Q. variabilis(53.11), Styrax japonicus(11.44), Prunus sargentii(11.17), and Fraxinus rhynchophylla(10.41). Q. variabilis(73.34) was the highest in Chilgabsan Provincial Park and followed by, P. densiflora(58.71), Q. mongolica(57.02), C. laxiflora(18.84), Q. serrata(13.48), and Prunus sargentii(13.31). The importance value of Q. mongolica(57.03) was the highest in Daedunsan Provincial Park and followed by Q. variabilis(31.98), Q. serrata(31.53), P. densiflora(16.80), C. tschonoskii(16.50), C. laxiflora(16.07), S. obassia(15.76), and Acer pseudosieboldianum(10.09). The results of DBH analysis of the major species having the high importance value showed the normal density distirbution of Q. mongolica, and Q. variabilis in Deogsan Provincial Park, so the dominance status of these species is likely to continue. Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica, and P. densiflora in Chilgabsan Provincial Park showed the normal density distribution showed the density of normal distribution, so the dominance status of these species is likely to continue. However, the dominance status of C. laxiflora, and Q. serrata is likely to be expanded in the future due to the high density of young individuals. Q. mongolica, and Q. variabilis in Daedunsan Provincial Park showed the density of reverse J-shaped curve, so the dominance status of these species is likely to continue, and C. tschonoskii, and P. densiflora had a formality distribution, suggesting continuous domination of these species over the other species for the time being. Additionally the dominance status of C. laxiflora, and Q. serrata is considered to be expanded in the future due to the high density level of young individuals.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.153-168
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• 2003

Wangpicheon, which is located in Uljin-Gun, Korea, is threatened with various developments plan recently. To investigate the forest structure, actual vegetation and degree of green naturality(DGN) in Wangpicheon, survey was carried out within about 1km width from the stream. In the analysis of actual vegetation, the forest type around Wangpicheon is differentiated into 26 vegetation ones. In these, six Pinus densiflora - dominated vegetation types are appeared a great many of them. In DGN analysis, 70.8% of total area is covered by DGN 8 and 0.3% of total area is covered by DGN 9. According to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN, the community was divided by three types of Pinus densiflora community and two types of Quercus spp. community i.e. Quercus mongolica and Q. vuliabitis community. The structure of communities were analyzed using importance percentage, and species and individuals, DBH distribution and similarity analysis were executed.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.285-295
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• 1990

Floristic composition and soil properties were analyzed in red pine($Pinus densiflora$) communities in the limestone areas. Tanyang, Ch ungbuk Province in Korea. The tree layer was composed of $Juniperus rigida, Quercus dentata, Q. mongolica$ and others as well as $P. densiflora$, all of which also appeared in soils of grinite origin The shrub layer was dominated by $Q. dentata, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Securinega suffruticosa, Abelia coreana$ and $Uimus davidiana$ for $suberosa$. Among these $A. coreana$ and $U. davidiana$ for $suberosa$ belonged to calcicole plant. The herb layer dominated by $Carex lanceolata$. Soil pH ranged 7.9-8.3. Total nitrogen and available phosphorus content of the soil were lower than those of noncalcareous soils. However, exchangeable calcium and magnesium content were 10 times and 2~3 times greater than those of noncalcreous soils, respectively. The difference of soil texture between top soil(loam soil) and subsoil(sand soil), and higher soil organic matter content than noncalcareous red pine forest soils seemed related to the casts forming activities of earthworms.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.487-497
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• 2013

This study was conducted to suggest vegetation management plan for Gugok landscape maintenance and improvement by deducing the vegetation landscape factors inherent in Yongha Gugok and understanding vegetation structure through the investigate of existing vegetation and plant community structure of Yongha valley in Woraksan National Park. There were broad and flat rocks, natural layered stones, clear water, light stones, stream, valleys, waterfalls, Pinus densiflora and Acer pseudosieboldianum as a result of deducing natural factors on poetry. There were P. densiflora and A. pseudosieboldianum appeared as one of main vegetation landscape elements. The actual vegetation analysis results were as followed. The natural vegetation occupied 67.5% and it was classified as P. densiflora community, Quercus variabilis community, Q. variabilis-P. densiflora community, Q. variabilis-Q. serrata community, Q. serrata community, Q. mongolica community, Q. mongolica-P. densiflora community, Deciduous broad-leaved tree community. The artificial vegetation(18.7%) was classified as Q. serrata community-Larix kaempferi community, Q. mongolica- Castanea crenata community, L. kaempferi community, L. kaempferi-C. crenata community, fruticeta, L. kaempferi-Q. mongolica community. The grassland area(2.0%) was classified as Miscanthus sinensis community, Phragmites communis community, and other areas were classified as landscape tree planting area, farm, orchard, residential area. The representative vegetation were P. densiflora community, Q. variabilis-Q. serrata community, L. kaempferi community, Deciduous broad-leaved tree community in Yongha Gugok. The species diversity index of Shannon was 0.6274~0.9908 on the whole. Yongha Gugok, as a symbol of succession on confucianism and reverence for nature, should be preserved natural valley landscape being clean and wijungchuksa at the end of Joseon Dynasty and Japanese Colonial era. In this historical and cultural Gugok, vegetation landscape management plan is needed to landscape maintenance with P. densiflora community, density control with L. kaempferi community. And it is considered when natural disasters and artificial damages happened, P. densiflora-oriented vegetation restoration plan should be applied in order to restore.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.599-604
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• 2015

This study was conducted the vegetation clustering analysis for the 3 mountains of Mt. Bulam, Mt. Daemo, Mt. Bonghwa which were the urban forests of Seoul. Based on the results of the analysis related to the vegetation clustering, it was found that the clustering of Mt. Bulam consisted of pine trees(Pinus densiflora)-Mongolian oak(Quercus mongolica), Hornb eam(Carpinus laxiflora)-Pitch pine(P. rigida), oriental oak(Q. variabilis) - a wild pear tree(Sorbus alnifolia) while the clustering of Mt. Daemo consisted of Pitch pine-Japanese larch(Larix leptolepis), Poplar(Populus tomentig landulosa)- black birch(Betula davurica pall). Meanwhile, the clustering of Mt. Bonghwa consisted of pine trees-a wild pear tree Community and Sawtooth oak(Q. acutissima)-Cherry Blossoms(Prunus serrulata). In relation to the similarity index by region in Mt. Bulam, Mt. Daemo, and Mt. Bonghwa, the similarity index of Mt. Bulam and Mt. Daemo stood at as high as 0.634, suggesting the distribution of similar vegetation, and the dominance index of the Mt. Daemo region was found to be 0.166 which suggests the dominance of many species compared to other regions. In addition, the results of species diversity showed that Mt. Daemo had the highest stability, and the species diversity, maximum species diversity, evenness indices were highest in Mt. Bulam, followed by Mt. Bonghwa and Mt. Daemo. The dominance index was the lowest in Mt. Bulam, followed by Mt. Bonghwa and Mt. Daemo.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.4
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• pp.548-557
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• 2001

This study was carried out to classify forest vegetation of Mt. Myeonsan with phytosociological analysis of ZM School and to explain community types with CCA ordination. The research sites were located in the northern part of Kyungsangpook-Do area and in the southern part of Kangwon-Do. The 73 plots were investigated in the study areas which were including 291 plant species. The forest vegetation was classified into Quercus mongolica community group, Juglans mandshurica community group, and Larix leptolepis plantation. Q. mongolica community group was divided into 9 communities such as Rhododendron schlippenbachii community, Symplocos paniculata community, Pinus densiflora community, Betula schmidtii community, Fraxinus rhynchophylla community, Populus davidiana community, Tilia amurensis community, Betula costata community and Betula davurica community. J. mandshurica community group was divided into 5 communities and 4 groups such as Acer mono community (subdivided into Quercus serrata group and typical group), Fraxinus mandshurica community, Ulmus laciniata community (subdivided into typical group and Ribes mandshuricum group), Malus baccata community and Carpinus laxiflora community. And it was entirely classified into 17 vegetation units. According to CCA, Q. mongolica community group showed high positive correlation to topography, altitude and slope degree, and J. mandshurica community group showed high positive correlation to bare rock. However, L. leptolepis community group was not significantly ordinated with the gradient of environmental factors. And in correlation of axes, important environmental variables were topography and altitude.