• 한국의료질향상학회지
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.190-203
• /
• 2003

Background: Dental hygienists are at risk of acquiring infections through exposure to infectious agents. This study explores the frequency of exposure to infectious agents and infection control practices among dental hygienists. Methods: We undertook a cross-sectional survey to examine the exposure to infectious agents and infection control practices among dental hygienists through questionnaire. Data were obtained from 124 dental hygienists attending educational conferences. A multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the factors that effect infection control practices in relation to age, completion of infection control education, recognition of their own serum hepatitis Ag/Ab status, the number of one day patients, location of clinics, type of clinics, and career years. Result: Of the 124 dental hygienists, 91.7% were exposed to at least one accident such as needle stick injuries during their practices periods. The health screening coverage rate in dental hygienists was 16.5%. The number of one day patients and career years were important in relation to infection control practices among dental hygienists. The adjusted odds ratio estimates for career years were 5.049 times greater(95% Cl 1.238-20.597) for groups with over 4 career years than under 2 career years. That for the number of one day patients were 0.261(95% Cl 0.071-0.955) lower for through 20 up to 30 patients, 0.531(95% Cl 0.102-2.78) lower for through 30 up to 40 patients and 0.498(95% Cl 0.123-2.017) lower for more than 40 patients than under 20 patients. Conclusion: From these results, prevalence of infection control practices among dental hygienists is related to the number of one day patients and career years. Prevention of cross infection and reduction of future transmission should be a priority to dental hygienists for promotion of infection control and further efforts to educate newcomers on infection prevention should be made.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.49-63
• /
• 2021

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the trend in treating fracture with acupuncture and to evaluate the quality of case reports. Methods All case reports of fractures treated with acupuncture were extracted from four Korean web databases. We classified these studies by five fracture sites and investigated frequently used meridian and acupoint, outcome measurements, treatment period. And we assessed the quality of the case reports by the STandards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA) guidelines. Results A total of 33 case reports were included. The outcome measurements were divided into six categories, and the outcome measurements used in more than three studies showed improvement in patient symptoms. The mainly used meridians for each fracture site were as follows: chest and abdomen (GB, LR, CV), back (BL, GB), upper limb (LI, TE), lower Limb (GB, ST, BL, SP). The most commonly used acupoints for each fracture site were as follows: chest and abdomen (Ashi points, GB24, GB25, GB26, LR13, LR14, CV16, CV17, CV18, CV19), back (BL23, BL24, BL25, BL26, BL40, BL51, BL52, BL60, GB34), upper limb (LI4, LI10, LI11, TE3), lower limb (GB34, GB40). According to the STRICTA guidelines, more than 54.54% of the reports were found to be 'not reported' or 'not sufficient' in the following categories: 'response sought', 'description of participating acupuncturist', and 'number of needle insertions per subject per session'. Conclusions The meridians and acupuncture points frequently used for acupuncture treatment of fractures were near the fracture site. Future clinical studies involving acupuncture must be reported in accordance with the STRICTA guidelines to improve transparency and uniformity.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
• /
• 제17권5호
• /
• pp.679-684
• /
• 2023

정맥의 천자는 병리학적 검사를 위한 혈액 샘플을 획득하기 위해 널리 사용되고 있다. 바늘을 사용한 침습적인 정맥 천자 방법이 반복되서 시행되면 환자가 받는 고통이 증가되는 문제가 있어 본 연구팀은 사전에 소형 근적외선 (near-infrared, NIR) 영상 시스템을 개발하였다. 획득된 NIR 영상의 화질 개선을 위하여 본 연구에서는 노이즈 제거에 효율적으로 잘 알려진 비지역적 평균 (non-local means, NLM) 알고리즘을 모델링하여 시스템에서의 적용 가능성을 분석하고자 한다. 개발된 NIR 영상 시스템은 dichroic 및 long-pass filter를 적외선 (infrared, IR)이 통과하여 최종적으로 CMOS 센서 모듈로 검출되는 원리를 기반으로 구성하였다. 제안하는 NLM 알고리즘은 노이즈를 제거시키고자 하는 픽셀을 주변 픽셀들간의 거리들을 고려한 값으로 대체하는 원리를 기반으로 모델링하였다. 850 nm의 중심 파장을 가진 NIR 영상을 획득 후 NLM 알고리즘을 적용하여 히스토그램 평활화를 통해 최종 정맥 영역을 분할하였다. 결과적으로 NLM 알고리즘을 적용한 정맥의 NIR 영상의 coefficient of variation은 평균 0.247로 기존의 filtering 방법들과 비교하여 우수한 결과값으로 도출되었다. 또한 NLM 알고리즘의 dice similarity coefficient 값은 기존의 median filter와 total variation 방법에 비하여 각각 62.91 및 9.40% 향상된 값이 획득되었다. 결론적으로 NLM 알고리즘은 NIR 영상 시스템으로 획득한 정맥의 정확한 분할이 가능하게 할 수 있음을 증명하였다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
• /
• 제37권3호
• /
• pp.178-184
• /
• 2005

Carry over contamination has been reduced in some systems by flushing the internal and external surfaces of the sample probe with copious amount of diluent. It between specimens should be kept as small as possible. A built-in, continuous-flow wash reservoir, which allows the simultaneous washing of the interior and exterior of the syringe needles, addresses this issue. In addition, residual contamination can further be prevented through the use of efficient needle rinsing procedures. In discrete systems with disposable reaction vessels and measuring cuvets, any carry over is entirely caused by the pipetting system. In analyzers with reuseable cuvets or flow cells, carry over may arise at every point through which high samples pass sequentially. Therefore, disposable sample probe tips can eliminate both the contamination of one sample by another inside the probe and the carry over of in specimen into the specimen in the cup. The results of the applicative carry over experiment studied on 21 items for total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), total bilirubin (TB), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspratate aminotranferase (AST), alanine aminotranferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), creatinine kinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (LD), creatnine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), glucose (GLU), amylase (AMY), calcium (CA), inorganic phosphorus (IP), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (CL) tests in chematology were as follows. Evaluation of process performance less than 1% in all tests was very good, but a percentage of ALB, TP, TB, ALP, CRE, UA, TC, GLU, AMY, IP, K, Na, and CL was 0%, implying no carry over. Other tests were ALT(-0.08%), GGT(-0.09%), CK(0.08%), LD(0.06%), BUN(0.12%), TG (-0.06%), and CA(0.89%).

• 생태와환경
• /
• 제49권4호
• /
• pp.296-307
• /
• 2016

생태적 복원은 온전한 자연의 체계와 기능을 모방하여 인간이 훼손시킨 자연을 치유함으로써 다양한 생물들에게 서식공간을 제공하고 인류의 미래 환경을 확보하기 위한 생태기술이다. 이러한 생태적 복원은 복원대상에 대한 다각적 측면의 진단평가 결과에 근거하여 수립된 복원 가이드라인에 따라 수행되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 무등산국립공원의 훼손된 산림의 생태적 질을 평가하고, 이를 회복시키기 위한 경관수준의 복원 가이드라인을 수립하였다. 이를 위해, 우선 자연적 요소(지형, 기후, 식생 분포)와 인위적 요소(토지이용, 선형 경관요소의 분포)를 고려하여 무등산국립공원에 성립해 있는 산림의 생태적 질을 진단하였다. 이와 더불어, 선형 경관요소에 의해 구획된 각 권역의 기하학적 속성 및 토지이용 강도에 근거하여 온전성 정도를 평가한 후 이를 점수화하였다. 분석 결과, 무등산국립공원의 거시적 지형은 모암의 풍화 특성에 의해 결정되는 양상이었으며, 식생대는 해발고도의 수직적 구배에 따라 난온대상록활엽수림대, 난온대낙엽활엽수림대 및 냉온대낙엽활엽수림대로 구분되었다. 토지이용유형에서 무등산국립공원은 활엽수림, 침엽수림 및 혼합림이 전체의 약 90%를 차지하였다. 경관파편화를 유발하는 경관요소로서 탐방로는 총 97개소로 파악되었다. 경관의 질 점수는 평균 $69.86{\pm}11.41$로 나타났다. 진단평가 결과, 무등산국립공원 내 산림의 생태적 질은 인간활동의 영향을 크게 받았고, 그 영향 정도는 지형에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 한편, 무등산국립공원은 산 중심으로 설정된 국립공원 경계와 모암의 풍화 특성에 의해 공원구역 내 수공간이 부족한 것으로 파악되어 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 주변 지역과의 생태네트웍 구축이 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 진단평가 결과에 바탕을 두고 무등산국립공원의 생태적 질을 향상시키기 위한 복원 가이드라인을 제시하였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.171-178
• /
• 1999

The follicular fluid (FF) of ovary contains various biological active products which affected on the growth of follicles and the fertilization of oocyte in physiological reproductive process of mammals. This study was designed to determine the effects of human FF on fertilization of oocyte and embryonal development in vitro culture. The FF was prepared as clear without blood contamination by needle aspiration from mature follicles of human at the time of oocytes retrieval for in vitro fertilization (IVF). As the medium for culture in vitro of embryonal cells, human tubal fluid (HTF) supplemented with follicular fluids at concentrations of 10%, 40% and pure FF were used. These effects were compared to control group of cultured embryos in HTF supplemented with 0.4% BSA (bovine serum albumin). For IVF, 64 eggs in control group, 67 eggs in 10% FF, 57 eggs in 40% FF and 64 eggs in pure FF were respectively allocated. And the rates of fertilization were almost similar in all groups as resulting 82.81% in control, 85.07% in 10% FF, 87.71% in 40% FF and 81.25% in pure FF. On the examination for embryonal cleavage from fertilized eggs, the rates of developing to 4 cell stage was similar in all groups, as results 98.11% in control, 98.27% in 10% FF and 98% in 40% FF but 78.84% in pure FF. And the rates of developing to 8-16 cell stage were significantly reduced as 44% in 40% FF and 44.23% in pure FF (p<0.05) compare to 71.69% in control media. As likewise, the rates of developing to morular stage were also significantly reduced to 36% (p<0.05) and 21.15% (p<0.01) respectively in 40% FF and pure FF. And the rates to blastocystic stage of embryo was lowest as 7.69% in pure FF (Table 1). The quality of embryonal cells on cleavage to the 8-16 cell stage was poorer, higher concentrations of FF. The rates of grade 1 in pure FF, as 23.07%, was lowest compare to those of other groups, in which the rates of grade 1 in control, 10% FF and 40% FF were 58.49%, 47.36% and 34% respectively. And on the contrary, the rate of grade 4 in pure FF was highest as 23.07%, while those were 5.66% in control, 8.77% in 10% FF and 20% in 40% FF (Table 2). On the viability of embryos, the rate of embryonal cell death was more rise, at the higher concentrations as well as longer exposure in the follicular fluid. At 48 hours after in vitro culture of embryos, the rate of survival embryos in pure FF was markedly lowered as 44.23%, compare to that of control (p<0.05). But there was not significant difference between the rates of survival embryos in each group beside the pure FF, which the rates were 77.35% in control, 70.17% in 10% FF and 60% in 40% FF respectively. And at 72 hours after in vitro culture, the rates of survival embryos were also significantly dropped to 21.15% in pure and 36% in 40% at concentration of FF compare to 62.26% in control (p<0.05, p<0.01). Finally, the rate of embryonal death at 96 hours after in vitro culture was highest as 82.69% in pure FF among all groups which those were 35.84 in control, 56.14% in 10% FF and 64% in 40% FF respectively (Fig. 1, 2, 3). In conclusion, this study suggests that the FF has no effects, in particular, to the in vitro fertilization of oocytes but exerted a bad effect to the cleavage, quality and viability of the embryonal cells during in vitro culture. However, the FF is harmful on embryonal development at conditions in higher concentration and especially on the embryos after $8{\sim}16$ cell stage.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 1976

잣나무 2-1묘(苗)와 방크스소나무 1-1묘(苗)의 생장(生長)에 미치는 밀도효과(密度効果)를 보기 위하여 광릉묘포(光陵苗圃)에서 잣나무의 경우는 $m^2$당 36본에서 324본까지 식재(植栽)하였으며 방크스소나무는 25본에서 169본까지 식재(植栽) 하였다. 실험결과(實驗結果) 묘고(苗高), 근원경(根元經), 건중량(乾重量) 및 규격묘(規格苗) 생산(生産)에 뚜렷한 효과(効果)를 보았다. 잣나무 2-1묘(苗)는 밀식(密植)시킬수록 수고생장(樹高生長)은 증대되고, 방크스소나무는 식재밀도구간(植栽密度區間)에 차이(差異)가 없었다. 잣나무와 방크스소나무는 밀식시킬수록 근원경(根元經) 생장(生長)은 감소되는 경향이 있으나 후자(後者)가 급격히 감소하고 있다. 잣나무의 평균목(平均木) 건중량(乾重量)은 밀식(密植)시킬수록 감소율은 낮으나 방크스소나무는 높다. 밀식(密植)으로 인해 일반적으로 T/R율(率)의 값은 증대되나 식재밀도구간(植栽密度區間)에 큰 차이(差異)가 나타나지 않고 있다. 평균목(平均木)의 잎 뿌리와 줄기의 건중량은 밀식(密植)시킬수록 감소되고 있으나 방크스소나무가 잣나무 보다 감소율이 높다. 그리고 잣나무의 경우는 줄기의 건중량(乾重量)은 밀식구(密植區)와 소식구간(疎植區間)에 차(差)가 적다. 밀식(密植)으로 나타나는 잣나무의 세장성(細長性) 보다는 방크스소나무의 세장성(細長性)이 더욱 높게 나타나고 있으나 밀식(密植)시킬수록 전체적인 물질생산량(物質生産量)은 증대되리라 생각 된다. 이상의 생장특성(生長特性)으로보아 잣나무의 이식상(移植床)을 만들때와 조림(造林)은 밀식(密植)시키도록 하고 방크스소나무는 소식(疎植)함이 효과(効果)적일것으로 생각 된다. 잣나무 2-1묘(苗)의 규격(規格)은 간장(幹長) 18cm 근원경(根元經)은 4mm로 개정(改正)시키고 $m^2$당 이식본수(移植本數)는 묘포비옥도(苗圃肥沃度)에 따라 160~200본(本)으로 함이 적합하리라 생각되며, 방크스소나무 1-1묘(苗)의 규격(規格)은 간장(幹長) 25cm 근원경(根元經) 6mm가 적합하며 $m^2$당 이식본수(移植本數)는 묘포비옥도(苗圃肥沃度)에 따라 100-120본(本)이 적합할 것이다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.45-59
• /
• 2023

Objectives The aim of this study was to analyze the trends of researches on oriental medicine treatments for supraspinatus tendinopathy. Methods We used five databases for searching researches; Korean studies Information Service System, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, Research Information Sharing Service, PubMed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Only randomized controlled trials suitable for the subject were selected. The methodological quality of included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Results Twenty randomized controlled trials were analyzed. There were 9 types of treatment interventions; acupuncture, acupotomy, pharmacopuncture, electroacupuncture, fire needling, warming needle, catgut-embedding therapy, herbal medicine, cupping. The most frequently used treatment intervention was acupuncture and acupotomy. There were 9 outcome measurements including visual analog scale (VAS), Constant-Murley Score (CMS), and range of motion. The most used measurement was VAS. As a result of meta-analysis, acupuncture was more effective than control group in VAS. Additionally, acupotomy was clinically significant compared to control groups in VAS and CMS. Conclusions In this review, we analyzed researches on effectiveness of oriental medicine for supraspinatus tendinopathy. A provisional conclusion can be produced that acupuncture and acupotomy showed beneficial effect to supraspinatus tendinopathy. Although there were some RCT studies, many of them had a high risk of bias, so it is hard to conclude that our study can include overall clinical status. Further well-designed trials are needed.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제24권9호
• /
• pp.443-450
• /
• 2014

Amorphous (a-Si) films were epitaxially crystallized on a very thin large-grained poly-Si seed layer by a silicide-enhanced rapid thermal annealing (SERTA) process. The poly-Si seed layer contained a small amount of nickel silicide which can enhance crystallization of the upper layer of the a-Si film at lower temperature. A 5-nm thick poly-Si seed layer was then prepared by the crystallization of an a-Si film using the vapor-induced crystallization process in a $NiCl_2$ environment. After removing surface oxide on the seed layer, a 45-nm thick a-Si film was deposited on the poly-Si seed layer by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition at $200^{\circ}C$. The epitaxial crystallization of the top a-Si layer was performed by the rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process at $730^{\circ}C$ for 5 min in Ar as an ambient atmosphere. Considering the needle-like grains as well as the crystallization temperature of the top layer as produced by the SERTA process, it was thought that the top a-Si layer was epitaxially crystallized with the help of $NiSi_2$ precipitates that originated from the poly-Si seed layer. The crystallinity of the SERTA processed poly-Si thin films was better than the other crystallization process, due to the high-temperature RTA process. The Ni concentration in the poly-Si film fabricated by the SERTA process was reduced to $1{\times}10^{18}cm^{-3}$. The maximum field-effect mobility and substrate swing of the p-channel poly-Si thin-film transistors (TFTs) using the poly-Si film prepared by the SERTA process were $85cm^2/V{\cdot}s$ and 1.23 V/decade at $V_{ds}=-3V$, respectively. The off current was little increased under reverse bias from $1.0{\times}10^{-11}$ A. Our results showed that the SERTA process is a promising technology for high quality poly-Si film, which enables the fabrication of high mobility TFTs. In addition, it is expected that poly-Si TFTs with low leakage current can be fabricated with more precise experiments.

• 대한한의학회지
• /
• 제44권1호
• /
• pp.128-128
• /
• 2023

Objectives: This research aimed to develop a guideline for evaluating safety and performance of electronic warm-acupuncture apparatus. With the development of medical devices like electronic warm-acupuncture apparatus with improved performance, convenience and safety measures compared to traditional warm-acupuncture needling, safety and performance guideline is a necessity. Methods: By referring to existing standards and guidelines of other electronic devices for Korean medicine with heating function, guideline for safety and performance assessment of electronic warm-acupuncture apparatus was drafted Results: The guideline, presents explanation for adequate temperature and settings of the apparatus, and safety measurements providing against thermal runaway situations along with guidelines for the manual. Guideline for detailed test method for the performance of the apparatus such as accuracy of temperature increase and the timer, and safety unit was also provided. The test items and suggested test methods for the requirements of biological, electrical and electromagnetic safety were referred to Korean approval documents of ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Conclusion: We proposed the relevant items to verify performance and safety of warm-acupuncture apparatus to assure patient safety and improve the quality of currently developing devices for application in clinical field.