• Journal of Sport and Applied Science
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2024

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand fans' perception of the MLS. Particularly, this study investigates both the avid fan's perception of the MLS as well as the same perception in a potentially larger audience. This study aims at (1) segmenting the findings into three groups, (2) understanding the characteristics of these groups from the sport marketing prospective and (3) comparing the three groups to see whether there are any similarities and differences. Research design, data, and methodology: Using motivational factors alongside the 4P's of marketing, these three segments were analyzed and their similarities and differences were compared. An online survey was created and distributed through different MLS databases. Results: Prior to the distribution, a few hypotheses were made regarding the motivational factors of fans; specifically, that the quality of play has led to a lack of interest in the league and that the presence of star athletes has the potential to bring in more fans for the league. The quality of play and star athletes are important and thus a bigger emphasis needs to be placed on the designated player rule. At the same time, more television coverage as well as more exhibition games with international teams can generate more buzz for the league and garner more fans. Conclusions: This study explored motivational factors which support fanship of Major League Soccer. Further implications were discussed.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.833-852
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• 2019

In real time applications, due to their effective cost and small size, wireless networks play an important role in receiving particular data and transmitting it to a base station for analysis, a process that can be easily deployed. Due to various internal and external factors, networks can change dynamically, which impacts the localisation of nodes, delays, routing mechanisms, geographical coverage, cross-layer design, the quality of links, fault detection, and quality of service, among others. Conventional methods were programmed, for static networks which made it difficult for networks to respond dynamically. Here, machine learning strategies can be applied for dynamic networks effecting self-learning and developing tools to react quickly and efficiently, with less human intervention and reprogramming. In this paper, we present a wireless networks survey based on different machine learning algorithms and network lifetime parameters, and include the advantages and drawbacks of such a system. Furthermore, we present learning algorithms and techniques for congestion, synchronisation, energy harvesting, and for scheduling mobile sinks. Finally, we present a statistical evaluation of the survey, the motive for choosing specific techniques to deal with wireless network problems, and a brief discussion on the challenges inherent in this area of research.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.1000-1006
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• 2004

Selenium and vitamin E are micronutrients essential for normal health and maintenance in poultry. They are necessary in preventing free radical damage to phospholipid membranes, enzymes and other important molecules. Two experiments were conducted in a semi-commercial environment to examine the effect of Se source and vitamin E level in diet on broiler performance and meat quality. Increasing vitamin E from 50 IU to 100 IU did not affect growth performance of broilers although the 24 h drip-loss was tended to be reduced (p=0.06). There was an interaction between vitamin E and the source of Se in glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px) and Se concentration in excreta. Increasing vitamin E from 50 IU to 100 IU elevated GSH-Px and Se concentration in excreta by 42 IU/g Hb and 0.9 ppm for the organic Se group, respectively, but reduced GSH-Px and Se concentration in excreta by 16 IU/g Hb and 1.3 ppm for inorganic group, respectively. Vitamin E played no role in the feather coverage of the birds when scored on day 37. Organic Se is more effective in improving feather score and 24 h drip-loss, with a markedly higher deposition rate in breast muscle and a lower excretion rate in the excreta (p<0.05) compared to the inorganic Se source. Both vitamin E and the source of Se did not affect (p>0.05) the energy utilisation by birds.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제39B권2호
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• pp.61-74
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• 2014

In recent years, development of femtocells are receiving considerable attention towards increasing the network coverage, capacity, and improvement in the quality of service for users. In 3GPP LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) system, to efficiently utilize the bandwidth, femtocell and macro cell uses the same frequency band, but this deployment poses a technical challenge of cross-tier interference to macro users. In this paper, the novel quality of service based fractional power control (QoS-FPC) scheme under the heterogeneous networks environment is proposed, which considers the users priority and QoS-requirements during the power allocation. The proposed QoS-FPC scheme has two focal points: firs, it protects the macrocell users uplink communication by limiting the cross-tier interference at eNB below a given threshold, and second, it ensures the optimization of femtocell users power allocation at each power adjustment phase. Performance gain is demonstrated with extensive system-level simulations to show that the proposed QoS-FPC scheme significantly decreases the cross-tier intereference and improves the overall users throughput.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.494-498
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• 2011

Satellite digital multimedia broadcasting (S-DMB) systems use gap fillers (GFs) to provide wireless multimedia services to non-line-of-sight locations. GFs act as repeaters, and S-DMB systems require GF networks in order to guarantee mobile reception. Each GF covers a cell or sector. In order to provide contiguous coverage of an area comprising two or more cells or sectors, multiple GFs are needed. However, when multiple GFs are situated close to each other, interference is likely to occur. As a result, in this study, we have investigated system-level environments for planning the design of interference-free GF networks in S-DMB systems. Our investigations revealed that S-DMB services are unavailable because of quality deterioration caused by interference when the delay attributable to a GF and the satellite signals exceeds ${\pm}$256 chips and the distance between the GF and its reception terminal is greater than 4.6 km. On the basis of this analysis, we conducted a field test that confirmed that the above-mentioned time delay can be controlled in such a way as to ensure high quality S-DMB services.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권11호
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• pp.5264-5281
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• 2017

Multihop relay-based cellular networks are attracting much interest because of their throughput enhancement, coverage extension, and low infrastructure cost. In these networks, relay stations (RSs) between a base station (BS) and mobile stations (MSs) drastically increase the overall spectral efficiency, with improved channel quality for MSs located at the cell edge or in shadow areas, and enhanced throughput of MSs in hot spots. These relay-based networks require an advanced radio resource management scheme because the optimal amount of radio resource for a BS-to-RS link should be allocated according to the MS channel quality and distribution, considering the interference among RSs and neighbor BSs. In this paper, we propose optimal resource planning algorithms that maximize the overall utility of relay-based networks under a proportional fair scheduling policy. In the first phase, we determine an optimal scheduling policy for distributing BS-to-RS link resources to RSs. In the second phase, we determine the optimal amount of the BS-to-RS link resources using the results of the first phase. The proposed algorithms efficiently calculate the optimal amount of resource without exhaustive searches, and their accuracy is verified by comparison with simulation results, in which the algorithms show a perfect match with simulations.

• 천문학회보
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.238.1-238.1
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• 2012

We present the results of simultaneous observations of SiO v=1 and 2, J=1-0 maser lines which were carried out with the combined network of the KVN and VERA in 2012 April. The observations were performed toward a long period OH/IR star, WX Psc in order to test the technical and scientific feasibilities of the KVN+VERA combination. The resultant (u, v) coverage of the KVN+VERA combined array enhances the image quality. We confirmed that the distribution and intensity of individual maser spots using the combined network are more reliable compared with the images using the KVN or VERA only. This observation also provides a chance to find a high sensitivity and imaging quality which are comparable to those of VLBA. In addition, the simultaneous observations of two SiO v=1 and 2, J=1-0 maser lines enable us to trace the detail physical environments close to the central star due to different high excitation conditions between two lines at a time.

• 대기
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.141-151
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• 2018

The KIAPS global model and data assimilation system were extended to assimilate brightness temperature from the Sondeur $Atmosph{\acute{e}}rique$ du Profil $d^{\prime}Humidit{\acute{e}}$ Intertropicale par $Radiom{\acute{e}}trie$ (SAPHIR) passive microwave water vapor sounder on board the Megha-Tropiques satellite. Quality control procedures were developed to assess the SAPHIR data quality for assimilating clear-sky observations over the ocean, and to characterize observation biases and errors. In the global cycle, additional assimilation of SAPHIR observation shows globally significant benefits for 1.5% reduction of the humidity root-mean-square difference (RMSD) against European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecast System (IFS) analysis. The positive forecast impacts for the humidity and temperature in the experiment assimilating SAPHIR were predominant at later lead times between 96- and 168-hour. Even though its spatial coverage is confined to lower latitudes of $30^{\circ}S-30^{\circ}N$ and the observable variable is humidity, the assimilation of SAPHIR has a positive impact on the other variables over the mid-latitude domain. Verification showed a 3% reduction of the humidity RMSD with assimilating SAPHIR, and moreover temperature, zonal wind and surface pressure RMSDs were reduced up to 3%, 5% and 7% near the tropical and mid-latitude regions, respectively.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.194-206
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• 1998

In 1977, Local governments' planting regulations for the development projects were established in accordance with the revised building law in Korea. A landscaped area, planting densities of trees and shrubs, a percentage of evergreen plants, minimum tree size and species were prescribed in the planting regulations. But the clauses for an excessive planting density and a high ratio of evergreen trees that the regulations includes, have been gradually in the way to a creative planting design, and raise a problem of poor growth of trees an a disordered planting landscape. Therefore, in this study the present planting regulations of 124 local governments throughout the country were analyzed and compared with 13 foreign local governments' of 4 countries ; Japan, the United States of America, Canada and Singapore. And the linitations and characteristics of the regulations are drawn as follows ; 1. The regulations focus on controlling the green spaces and plantings by quantitative methods such as controlling the number of trees and the landscaped area, which are inadequate for estimating the crown coverage of mature trees, and which areinadequate for estimating the crown coverage of mature trees, and implementing the function of polantings and the use of green spaces. 2. Minimums of tree densities are higher than those of foreign countries, especially higher about 10 times to 100 times than those of the United States of America. 3.Excessive number of evergreen trees and fruit trees should be planted under the present planting regulations, that results in constricting the creativity in planting design. 4. An article for using specific tree size, 2.0ms over in height makes it difficult to use a wide variety of different sizes of trees. And there is no incentive measures when larger trees are planted. To enhance the quality of green spaces and plantings, it is needed that the function and locating of green spaces and plantings have to be emphasized, and the planting density should be concerned about the mature tree size. The incentive measure to use various sizes of trees is also needed, and the regulations to use excessive number of evergreen trees or fruit trees should be loosened.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.242-249
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the dosimetry of electron beam (EB) plans and three-dimensional helical tomotherapy (3DHT) plans for the patients with left-sided breast cancer, who underwent breast conserving surgery. Materials and Methods: We selected total of 15 patients based on the location of tumor, as following subsite: subareolar, upper outer, upper inner, lower lateral, and lower medial quadrants. The clinical target volume (CTV) was defined as the area of architectural distortion surrounded by surgical clip plus 1 cm margin. The conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI), quality of coverage (QC) and dose-volume parameters for the CTV, and organ at risk (OAR) were calculated. The following treatment techniques were assessed: single conformal EB plans; 3DHT plans with directional block of left anterior descending artery (LAD); and 3DHT plans with complete block of LAD. Results: 3DHT plans, regardless of type of LAD block, showed significantly better CI, HI, and QC for the CTVs, compared with the EB plans. However, 3DHT plans showed increase in the $V_{1Gy}$ at skin, left lung, and left breast. In terms of LAD, 3DHT plans with complete block of LAD showed extremely low dose, while dose increase in other OARs were observed, when compared with other plans. EB plans showed the worst conformity at upper outer quadrants of tumor bed site. Conclusion: 3DHT plans offer more favorable dose distributions to LAD, as well as improved target coverage in comparison with EB plans.