• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.94-104
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• 2004

This study creates the LCP (Landscape Control Point) through the survey of spot sites for the quality of landscape assessment, which is based on an objective and departmentalized data base; the landscape assessment was achieved by production of weight value with the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) technique, selection of requisites for the landscape assessment with the IVERSON method and visual area analysis with GIS (Geographic Information System). Futhermore, validity of the landscape assessment was verified by analysis of the correlation between physical amount and aesthetic amount. The purpose of this study is to suggest the basic essential data for landscape assessment and landscape planning by the characteristics of landscape based on verification of the suggested landscape assessment methods. The results of this study are summarized below. 1. In the adaptation of landscape assessment using GIS, the landscape assessment points of LCP 18, 17 and 16, which have more visible elements such as hill area, mountain area, and forest and farm land, were indicated to be higher than the others. In contrast, the landscape assessment points of LCP 13, 6 and 10, which have less visible elements, were relatively lower than the others. 2. In the visible preference measuring method, LCP 4, 14, and 16 showed high points of landscape assessment with 3.46, 3.4, and 3.18 each. With the more natural environments such as hill area, mountain area, and forest and farm land, higher results were shown. In contrast, LCP 7, 1, and 9 showed low points of landscape assessment with 2.24, 2.36, and 2.53 each. 3. In this study, a coefficient of 0.746 was gained by the analysis of correlation between the points of landscape assessment method and the points of visual preference from a slide show. This has 99 percent of probability in statistical data. 4. In conclusion, with the demonstration of the correlation between the landscape assessment method based on the AHP technique and the aesthetic amount (preference proportion), the practical use of landscape assessment can be demonstrated by the suggested landscape assessment method.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.25 no.8B
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• pp.1424-1435
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• 2000

A bit-rate controller that can achieve a constant bit rate when coding object-based video sequences is an important part to achieve an adaptation to bit-rate constraints, desired video quality, distribution of bits among objects, relationship between texture and shape coding, and determination of frame skip or not. Therefore we design content-based bit rate controller which will be used for relevant bit-rate control. The implementation is an extension of MPEG-4 rate control algorithm which employs a quadratic rate-quantizer model. The importance of different objects in a video is analyzed and segmented into a number of VOPs which are adaptively bit-allocated using the object-based modelling. Some test sequences are observed by a number of non-experts and interests in each object are analysed. The initial total target bit-rate for all objects is obtained by using the proposed technique. Then the total target bits are jointly analyzed for preventing from overflow or underflow of the buffer fullness. The target bits are distributed to each object in view of its importance, not only of statistical analysis such as motion vector magnitude, size of object shape, and coding distortion of previous frame. The scheme is compared with the rate controller adopted by the MPEG-4 VM8 video coder by representing their statistics and performance.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.187-190
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• 2014

The agricultural policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model was developed by the Blackland Research and Extension Center in Temple, Texas. APEX is a flexible and dynamic tool that is capable of simulating a wide array of management practices, cropping systems, and other land uses across a broad range of agricultural landscapes, including whole farms and small watersheds. The model can be configured for novel land management strategies, such as filter strip impacts on pollutant losses from upslope crop fields, vegetated grassed waterways in combination with filter strip impacts, and land application of manure removed from livestock feedlots or waste storage ponds. The APEX model has continually evolved since its inception, and the process of adaptation and modification will likely continue as use of the model expands for an ever-increasing range of environmental problems and conditions. Several improvements to specific model subroutines have already been initiated, while other potential improvements have been identified that will require future research and code modification efforts.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 2013

PURPOSE. One of the most important factors in evaluating the quality of fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) is their gap. The purpose of this study was to compare the marginal and internal gap of two different metal-ceramic crowns, casting and selective laser sintering (SLS), before and after porcelain firing. Furthermore, this study evaluated whether metal-ceramic crowns made using the SLS have the same clinical acceptability as crowns made by the traditional casting. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The 10 study models were produced using stone. The 20 specimens were produced using the casting and the SLS methods; 10 samples were made in each group. After the core gap measurements, 10 metal-ceramic crowns in each group were finished using the conventional technique of firing porcelain. The gap of the metal-ceramic crowns was measured. The marginal and internal gaps were measured by two-dimensional and three-dimensional replica techniques, respectively. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test, the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and nonparametric ANCOVA were used for statistical analysis (${\alpha}$=.05). RESULTS. In both groups, the gap increased after completion of the metal-ceramic crown compared to the core. In all measured areas, the gap of the metal cores and metal-ceramic crowns produced by the SLS was greater than that of the metal cores and metal-ceramic crowns produced using the casting. Statistically significant differences were found between cast and SLS (metal cores and metal-ceramic crown). CONCLUSION. Although the gap of the FDPs produced by the SLS was greater than that of the FDPs produced by the conventional casting in all measured areas, none exceeded the clinically acceptable range.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.33 no.12C
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• pp.1055-1061
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• 2008

H.264 is the prominent video coding standard in various applications such as real-time streaming and digital multimedia broadcasting, since it provides enhanced compression performance, error resilience tools, and network adaptation. Compression efficiency of H.264 has been improved, however, it requires more computing and memory access than traditional methods. In this paper we proposed adaptive intra fast algorithm for real-time video surveillance system reducing the encoding complexity of H264/A VC. For this aim, temporal interrelationship between macroblock in the previous and the current frame is used to decide the encoding mode of macroblock fast. As a result, though video quality was deteriorated a little, less than 0.04dB, and bit rate was somewhat increased in suggested method, however, proposed method improved encoding time significantly and, in particular, encoding time of an image with little changes of neighboring background such as surveillance video was more shortened than traditional methods.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.807-817
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• 2019

Airborne Gamma Ray Spectrometry (AGRS) with its important applications such as gathering radiation information of ground surface, geochemistry measuring of the abundance of Potassium, Thorium and Uranium in outer earth layer, environmental and nuclear site surveillance has a key role in the field of nuclear science and human life. The Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS), with its advanced numerical unconstrained nonlinear optimization in collaboration with Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) provides a noteworthy opportunity for modern AGRS. In this study a new AGRS system empowered by ANN-BFGS has been proposed and evaluated on available empirical AGRS data. To that effect different architectures of adaptive ANN-BFGS were implemented for a sort of published experimental AGRS outputs. The selected approach among of various training methods, with its low iteration cost and nondiagonal scaling allocation is a new powerful algorithm for AGRS data due to its inherent stochastic properties. Experiments were performed by different architectures and trainings, the selected scheme achieved the smallest number of epochs, the minimum Mean Square Error (MSE) and the maximum performance in compare with different types of optimization strategies and algorithms. The proposed method is capable to be implemented on a cost effective and minimum electronic equipment to present its real-time process, which will let it to be used on board a light Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The advanced adaptation properties and models of neural network, the training of stochastic process and its implementation on DSP outstands an affordable, reliable and low cost AGRS design. The main outcome of the study shows this method increases the quality of curvature information of AGRS data while cost of the algorithm is reduced in each iteration so the proposed ANN-BFGS is a trustworthy appropriate model for Gamma-ray data reconstruction and analysis based on advanced novel artificial intelligence systems.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.60-76
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• 2021

The concept of resilience seems applicable for sustainable groundwater management. The resilience is broadly defined as the ability of a system to resist changes by external forces (EFs), and has been used for disaster management and climate change adaptation, including the groundwater resilience to climate change in countries where groundwater is a major water resource, whereas not yet in the geological society of South Korea. The resilience is qualitatively assessed using the absorptive, adaptive, and restorative capacity representing the internal robustness, self-organization, and external recovery resources, respectively, while quantitatively using the system impact (SI) and recovery effort (RE). When the groundwater is considered a complicated system where physicochemical, biological, and geological components interact, the groundwater resilience can be defined as the ability of groundwater to maintain the targeted quality and quantity at any EFs. For the quantitative assessment, however, the resilience should be specified to an EF and measurable parameters should be available for SI and RE. This study focused on groundwater resilience to two EFs in urban areas, i.e., pollution due to land use change and groundwater withdrawal for underground structures. The resilience to each EF was assessed using qualitative components, while measurements for SI and RE were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.45-56
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• 2019

Urban green areas are generally composed of relatively small and fragmented patches, but it is a critical factor for the quality of an urban environment. They have positive effects such as increasing green connectivity, reducing runoff, and mitigating urban heat. But, there is a lack of urban greening plans that consider the comprehensive effects of green space in real urban areas. To fill this gap in this literature, this study identifies a planning model that determines the optimal locations for maximizing green areas' multiple effects(e.g., heat mitigation and enhancement of connectivity) by using unused lots. This model also considers minimizing costs using meta-heuristic optimization algorithms. As a results, we finds 50 optimal plans that considers two effects within the limited cost in Nowon-gu. The optimal plans show the trade-off effect between connectivity, heat mitigation and cost. They also show the critical unused land lots for urban greening that are commonly selected in various plans. These optimal plans can effectively inform quantitative effectiveness of green space and their trade-off. We expect that our model will contribute to the improvement of green planning processes in reality.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.73-87
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• 2011

An abnormal mono-specific bloom of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa had developed at a specific location (transitional zone, monitoring station of Hoenam) in Daecheong Reservoir from middle of July to early August, 2001. The maximum cell counts during the peak bloom reached 1,477,500 cells/mL, which was more than 6~10 times greater than those at other monitoring sites. The hypothesis of this study is that the timing and location of the algal bloom was highly correlated with the local environmental niche that was controled by physical processes such as hydrodynamic mixing and pollutant transport in the reservoir. A three-dimensional, coupled hydrodynamic and ecological model, ELCOM-CAEDYM, was applied to the period of development and subsequent decline of the bloom. The model was calibrated against observed water temperature profiles and water quality variables for different locations, and applied to reproduce the algal bloom event and justify the limiting factor that controled the Microcystis bloom at R3. The simulation results supported the hypothesis that the phosphorus loading induced from a contaminated tributary during several runoff events are closely related to the rapid growth of Microcystis during the period of bloom. Also the physical environments of the reservoir such as a strong thermal stratification and weak wind velocity conditions provided competitive advantage to Microcystis given its light adaptation capability. The results show how the ELCOM-CAEDYM captures the complex interactions between the hydrodynamic and biogeochemical processes, and the local environmental niche that is preferable for cyanobacterial species growth.

• English & American cultural studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.27-50
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• 2018

Old age is often compared as climbing mountains which requires walking out of breath, yet with wider vision. And it is also likened to the estuary where the river flows slowly and broadly into the open sea. Socially, old age has been regarded as a symbol of wisdom and reflection, and elderly people often take the role of sage who leads the community. On the other hand, the dementia, gray hair and wrinkles of old age were sometimes perceived as the decline of intellect and vitality. Especially, in the digital age in which technology makes people more sensitive to physical artificiality, the evaluation of the old age becomes more complex and obscure. In other words, some elderly people can not escape from Confucious convention of the elders first, which causes the denouncement by younger generations. On the other hand, some elderly people are becoming more adaptable to the trend of young people, emerging as the new elderly people. The anti-aging movement, early adaptation of IT, bioengineering regimen also strong for the advanced age. However, as the new elderly people are active in many fields of society, they also face intergenerational conflicts in some areas where remains the overlap between young people and them due to the limited openings in economy and culture. This study is a transdisciplinary research which can be called old age humanities. First of all, this paper looks at the aspects of lifestyles and intergeneration conflicts in old age in four Korean and Western literary works about the old people, and also searches how to improve the quality of the later life of old people, Overall, this paper aims to explore the way the old people can achieve the full life with the help of intergenerational dependency through building aging humanities and new communities for old people.