• 한국작물학회지
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.539-543
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• 2006

Lodging is classified as root lodging caused by the loss of supporting force in the root, bending caused by the deformation of the stem and breaking where the stem breaks down as loads exceeding critical elasticity were applied. This research excluded breaking which is not in a state of equilibrium and tried to partition the level of lodging using an algebraic model in root lodging and stem lodging, or bending. When a vertical load was applied, the deformation of the stem of rice plant showed the form of a quadratic equation. The trace of the panicle neck in the process of lodging was an ellipse-shape. When loading was pure root lodging, the trace of the panicle neck became a circle of which culm length is the radius. When it was a pure stem lodging, the trace of the panicle neck is an ellipse of which major axis is culm length and minor axis is 0.64* culm length. When both stem lodging and root lodging occurred in a natural setting, the partitioning of lodging can be calculated by a formula using eccentricity of an ellipse, S=e*100/0.768(S is the ratio of stem lodging in the whole lodging, e is eccentricity of the ellipse). This method is expected to be useful in simple lodging partitioning. We could also calculate the partitioning of stem lodging and root lodging as units of angles as an accuracy method, by using a straight line calculated by differentiating a quadratic equation of stem deformation at the origin of the coordinates. These two methods for dividing root and stem lodging showed different values. However, each of them showed almost same values with different lodging degree in one plant.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2019

선박의 대형화, 고속화 및 선종의 다양화는 운송수단 중 해양 운송수단의 비중을 크게 증가시켰으나 동시에, 선박사고의 발생도 같이 증가 되었다. 선박사고의 발생은 생명과 재산의 손실뿐만 아니라 환경재해까지 일으키기 때문에 막대한 경제적, 환경적인 영향을 끼치게 된다. 특히, 여객선의 경우 인명의 피해가 크게 발생하기 때문에 선박사고를 예방하기 위한 방법들이 논의 되어 지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 여객선의 횡경사 각도를 바탕으로 전복의 위험까지 가게 되는 시간을 예측하여 위험시간에 도달하기 전에 인명을 대피할 수 있는 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 2012년~2016년 사이 침몰사고를 바탕으로 특정 시나리오를 설정하였으며, PRR1의 데이터를 MOSES V20을 이용하여 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과는 시간에 따른 횡경사 각도이며, 횡경사 에측을 위한 1차, 2차 방정식을 이용하여 시뮬레이션 결과와 비교하였다. 1차방정식의 경우 시뮬레이션 데이터가 선형적인 그래프를 나타내었기 때문에 낮은 오차율을 보이고 있으며, 2차방정식의 경우 초기에는 낮은 오차율을 보이고 있으나 추후 발생되는 각도에 대해서는 높은 오차율을 보이고 있었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제77권3호
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• pp.331-337
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• 1988

1986년(年) 7월(月)부터 10일(日)서까지 울대학교(大學校) 관악수목원(冠岳樹木園) 내(內)에서 24년생(年生) 리기테다소나무로 구성된 침엽수림분(針葉樹林分)과 14년생(年生) 신갈나무등으로 구성된 활엽수림분(闊葉樹林分)을 대상으로 삼림(森林)의 강우차단현상(降雨遮斷現像)을 구명(究明)하고자 수관통과량(樹冠通過量)과 수간류하량(樹幹流下量)을 측정(測定)하여 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1) 측정기간(測定其間)동안 내린 총강우량(總降雨量)은 77.38mm였으며, 수관통과우량(樹冠通過雨量)은 침엽수림(針葉樹林)에서 593.3mm(76.7%), 활엽수림(闊葉樹林)에서 663.1mm(81.8%)이었다. 임외강우량(林外降雨量)(P)과 수관통과우량(樹冠通過雨量)(T)의 관계(關係)는 침엽수림(針葉樹林) ; T=-1.8675+0.8320P, T=-1.8179-0.8805P에 있다. 2) 수간류하량(樹幹流下量)이 2.5mm이하인 때는 수간류하량(樹幹流下量)이 측정(測定)되지 않았다. 임외강우량(林外降雨量)과 수간류하량(樹幹流下量)의 관계식(關係式)은 침엽수림(針葉樹林) ; S=-0.6155+0.0698P, 그리고 활엽수림(闊葉樹林) ; S=-0.0497+0.0183P이었다. 3) 차단손실량(遮斷損失量)은 침엽수림(針葉樹林)에서 총강우량(總降雨量)의 18.5%인 142.9mm, 활엽수림(闊葉樹林)에서 125.2mm(16.2%)로 침엽수림(針葉樹林)이 활엽수림(闊葉樹林)보다 약14.1%가 많았다. 4) 차단량(遮斷量)(I)과 임외강우량(林外降雨量)(P)의 관계는 침엽수림(針葉樹林)에서 $I=-0.3693+0.3666P-0.0033P^2$($R^2=0.72$), 활엽수림(闊葉樹林)에서 $I=-0.4817+0.3109P-0.0026P^2$($R^2=0.61$)로 나타났다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.393-400
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• 2009

The present study developed a new technique with no physical object on the flow stream but enabling the air flow measurement and easily incorporated with the devices for cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) procedure. A turbulence chamber was formed in the middle of the respiratory tube by locally enlarging the cross-sectional area where the flow related turbulence was generated inducing energy loss which was in turn converted into pressure difference. The turbulence chamber was simply an empty enlarged air space, thus no physical object existed on the flow stream, but still the flow rate could be evaluated. Computer simulation demonstrated stable turbulence formation big enough to measure. Experiment was followed on the proto-type transducer, the results of which were within ${\pm}5%$ error compared to the simulation data. Both inspiratory and expiratory flows were obtained with symmetric measurement characteristics. Quadratic curve fitting provided excellent calibration formula with a correlation coefficient>0.999(P<0.0001) and the mean relative error<1%. The present results can be usefully applied to accurately monitor the air flow rate during CPR.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1314-1321
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• 2016

We conducted this 10-wk experiment to evaluate the effects of dietary phytoncide, Korean pine extract as phytogenic feed additive (PFA), on growth performance, blood characteristics, and meat quality in finishing pigs. A total of 160 pigs ([Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire]${\times}$Duroc, body weight (BW) = $58.2{\pm}1.0kg$) were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 treatments according to their BW and sex, 10 replicate pens per treatment with 4 pigs per pen were used (2 barrows and 2 gilts). Dietary treatments were: CON, control diet; PT2, CON+0.02% PFA; PT4, CON+0.04% PFA; PT6, CON+0.06% PFA. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) was higher in PT4 (p<0.05) than in PT6, average daily feed intake (ADFI) was lower in PT6 than in CON (p<0.05). Besides ADFI decreased linearly (p<0.05) with the increased level of phytoncide and gain:feed ratio in PT4 treatment was higher (p<0.05) than CON treatment. During 5 to 10 weeks and overall, quadratic (p<0.05) effect was observed in ADG among the treatments. At the end of this experiment, pigs fed with PT4 diet had a greater (p<0.05) red blood cell concentration compared to the pigs fed CON diet. Water holding capacity increased linearly (p<0.05) with the increased level of phytoncide supplementation. Moreover, firmness, redness, yellowness, and drip loss at day 3 decreased linearly (p<0.05) with the increase in the level of phytoncide supplementation. In conclusion, inclusion of phytoncide could enhance growth performance without any adverse effects on meat quality in finishing pigs.

• 센서학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.294-300
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• 2009

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) is performed by artificial ventilation and thoracic compression for the patient under emergent situation to maintain at least the minimum level of respiration and blood circulation for life survival. Quality of the pre-hospital CPR not only significantly affects the patient's survival rate but also minimizes side effects caused by CPR. Good quality CPR requires monitoring respiration, however, traditional respiratory air flow transducers cannot be used because the transducer elements are located on the flow axis. The present study developed a new technique with no physical object on the flow stream but enabling the air flow measurement and easily incorporated with the CPR devices. A turbulence chamber was formed in the middle of the respiratory tube by locally enlarging the cross-sectional area where the flow related turbulence was generated inducing energy loss which was in turn converted into pressure difference. The turbulence chamber was simply an empty enlarged air space, thus no physical object was placed on the flow stream, but still the flow rate could be evaluated. Both inspiratory and expiratory flows were obtained with symmetric measurement characteristics. Quadratic curve fitting provided excellent calibration formula with a correlation coefficient>0.999 (P<0.0001) and the mean relative error<1 %. The present results can be usefully applied to accurately monitor the air flow rate during CPR.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 투과성 판을 통과하면서 발생하는 에너지 손실효과를 나타내는 비선형 항력 항을 등가 선형화기법으로 선형화시킨 준선형 모델을 제안하였다. 이 모델을 경계요소법(Boundary Element Method)으로 풀어 2차원 조파수조의 투과성 소파장치를 개발에 활용하였다. 투과성 판에서의 항력계수는 수리 모형실험 결과와 비교를 통해 새롭게 구하였다. 공극률 0.1, 잠긴 깊이 d/h = 0.1, 경사각도 $10^{\circ}{\leq}{\theta}{\leq}20^{\circ}$를 갖는 투과성 소파장치가 전반적으로 우수한 소파성능을 보였다. 개발된 준선형 수치모델은 앞으로 다양한 형태의 투과성 소파장치의 최적 설계에 활용될 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.400-410
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• 1999

Five experiments were conducted using finishing pigs (PIC L326 sires $\times$ C15 dams) to examine the effects of expander operating conditions on nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs. The effects of different expanding conditions (0, 11.7, 24.4, $32.5kg/cm^2$) for corn-SBM based diets (Exp. 1), wheat meddlings diet (Exp. 2), sorghum-SBM based diets (Exp. 3) and wheat-SBM based diet (Exp. 4). Exp. 5 was conducted as a $2{\times}4$ factorial arrangement and factors examined were 2 soy products (raw soybean and SBM) and 4 expanding conditions (0, 14.1, 28.1, $42.2kg/cm^2$). In experiment 1, total production rates (p>0.10) were similar among treatments. The amount of fines decreased (cubic effect, p<0.001) as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $11.7kg/cm^2$, with smaller differences as cone pressure was further increased to $35.2kg/cm^2$. Nutrient digestibilities increased (p<0.02) as the feed was subjected to higher cone pressures. Digestibilities of DM, N, and GE were maximized at $24.4kg/cm^2$ cone pressure. The DE of the diet expanded at 24.4 and $35.2kg/cm^2$ increased by 172 and 109 kcal/kg, respectively, compared to the diet processed at $0kg/cm^2$ cone pressure. In experiment 2, total production and screened pellets production rates were similar among the processing treatments (p>0.21). The amount of fines decreased (quadratic effect, p<0.03) by 9 kg/h as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $11.7kg/cm^2$. Digestibilities of DM (p<0.02), N (p<0.001), and GE (p<0.002) were increased as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $35.2kg/cm^2$. DM, N, and GE digestibility in the pigs fed the midds-based diet increased by 8, 13, and 10%, respectively, at the highest processing cone pressure compared to the diets without any cone pressure. In experiment 3, the conditioned mash moistures for the treatments were numerically similar around 15% moisture. As the expander cone pressure was increased from 0 to $11.7kg/cm^2$, energy consumption for the pellet mill decreased (quadratic effect, p<0.004) from 14.1 to 12.0 kWh/t. Dry matter and gross energy digestibility increased (cubic effects, p<0.006) as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $35.2kg/cm^2$ with the largest improvement occurring as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $11.7kg/cm^2$. Nitrogen digestibility increased (cubic effect, p<0.001) from 78.3 to 81.0% as the feed was subjected to the higher cone pressures, with N digestibility being maximized at $24.4kg/cm^2$ cone pressure. The DE of the diet increased (cubic effect, p<0.001) by 225 kcal/kg as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $11.7kg/cm^2$. In experiment 4, pellet moisture decreased and moisture loss increased as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $35.2kg/cm^2$. Also, starch gelatinization of the wheat-based diets increased from 16.8 to 49.1% as the diets were processed at 0 and $35.2kg/cm^2$ cone pressure. Nutrient digestibilities were not affected (p>0.18) by any increase in cone pressure. In experiment 5, pellet moisture decreased as cone pressure was increased 0 to $35.2kg/cm^2$. The amount of moisture loss for the diets expanded at $42.2kg/cm^2$ was 3.0 and 3.8% for the SBM and raw soybean (RB) diets, respectively. Starch gelatinization for the SBM diets were 19% greater than the RB diets. The RB diets had lower DM, N and GE digestibilities as compared to the SBM diets. The DE of the RB diets were lower (p<0.02) than the SBM diets. DM (p<0.06), N (p<0.02), and GE (p<0.001) digestibilities of the dietary treatments increased as cone pressure was increased 0 to $42.2kg/cm^2$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1470-1476
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• 2016

Octacosanol, which has prominent physiological activities and functions, has been recognized as a potential growth promoter in animals. A total of 392 1-d-old male Arbor Acres broiler chicks with similar body weight were randomly distributed into four dietary groups of seven replicates with 14 birds each supplemented with 0, 12, 24, or 36 mg octacosanol (extracted from rice bran, purity >92%)/kg feed. The feeding trial lasted for six weeks and was divided into the starter (day 1 to 21) and the grower (day 22 to 42) phases. The results showed that the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly improved in broilers fed a diet containing 24 mg/kg octacosanol compared with those fed the control diet in the overall phase (day 1 to 42, p = 0.042). The average daily gain and FCR both showed linear effects in response to dietary supplementation of octacosanol during the overall phase (p = 0.031 and 0.018, respectively). Broilers fed with 24 or 36 mg/kg octacosanol diet showed a higher eviscerated yield, which increased by 5.88% and 4.26% respectively, than those fed the control diet (p = 0.030). The breast muscle yield of broilers fed with 24 mg/kg octacosanol diet increased significantly by 12.15% compared with those fed the control diet (p = 0.047). Eviscerated and breast muscle yield increased linearly with the increase in dietary octacosanol supplementation (p = 0.013 and 0.021, respectively). Broilers fed with 24 or 36 mg/kg octacosanol diet had a greater (p = 0.021) $pH_{45min}$ value in the breast muscle, which was maintained linearly in response to dietary octacosanol supplementation (p = 0.003). There was a significant decrease (p = 0.007) in drip loss value between the octacosanol-added and the control groups. The drip loss showed linear (p = 0.004) and quadratic (p = 0.041) responses with dietary supplementation of octacosanol. These studies indicate that octacosanol is a potentially effective and safe feed additive which may improve feed efficiency and meat quality, and increase eviscerated and breast muscle yield, in broiler chicks. Dietary supplementation of octacosanol at 24 mg/kg diet is regarded as the recommended dosage in the broilers' diet.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.158-163
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• 1988

고려인삼의 묘를 GA, 2,4-D 및 B-9로 처리하여 암하에서 생육시켰다. 생장효율($E_1$ = St/Ro, $E_2$ = St/(Ro-Rt), $E_3$ = (Ro- Rt)/ Ro, 여기서 St는 지상부중, Ro와 Rt는 초기와 일정시간 후의 뿌리의 무게임)과 기타 관련된 요인 및 상호관계를 조사하였다. $E_1$과 $E_3$는 온도변화에 이차식 관계를 보인 반면 $E_2$는 부의 직선 상관을 보였다. $E_1$은 $E_2$보다 $E_3$에 더 의존하였다. $E_2$와 $E_3$값은 거의 같았다. $E_2$는 전에 보고된 값보다 커서 뿌리간 큰 차이가 있음을 나타낸다. GA는 고온역에서 $E_2$와 $E_3$값을 증대시켰으며 B-9은 모든 온도에서 $E_3$를 크게 감소시켰고고 저온역에서 $E_2$를 감소시켰다. 지상부중은 대부분의 생장조절제와 온도에서 기질량과 유의정상관을 보였으며 몇경우에는 호흡소모량과 유의정상관을 보였다. 호흡소모량은 저온역에서만 $E_1$ 및 $E_3$와는 유의정상관을 $E_2$와는 유의부상관을 보였다.