• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.648-656
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• 2010

Global warming brings changes of natural ecosystems and affects on the plant growth response. Quercus acutissima and Q. variabilis are taxonomically similar and dominant native species in deciduous forests in South Korea. In order to understand the growth response of Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis to global warming condition, we cultivated the seedling of the two oak species in ambient condition(control) and treatment with elevated $CO_2$(700~800ppm) and increased air temperature(approximately $3^{\circ}C$ above than control). Then we measured the growth characteristic among them and analyzed the relationship between two species using PCA ordination. Stem length and total plant weight of Q. acutissima were significantly affected by elevated $CO_2$ concentration and increased air temperature. Stem diameter and weight of Q. variabilis were significantly affected by elevated $CO_2$ concentration and increased air temperature(p<0.05). The variation characteristics of Q. acutissima were changed more than Q. variabilis by elevated $CO_2$ concentration and increased air temperature. These result suggested that Q. acutissima was more sensitive to global warming situation than Q. variabilis in central region of Korea. PCA ordination showed that two species were arranged by two distinct groups based on 10 characters by elevated $CO_2$ and increased air temperature.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.89-99
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• 2021

This study was carried out to understand how factors of decomposition such as quality of the substrate (tree species), forest types, and soil·meteorological conditions affect decomposition rates and dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) of branches in adjacent Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis stands in Sancheong and J inju in Southern Korea. The branch bags (30 cm × 30 cm) with branch samples (a diameter of 2.0 - 4.0 cm and length of 10 cm) were placed on the forest floor at each stand in May 2018. The branch bags were collected in August and November 2018, February and May 2019, respectively. The decomposition rates of branches in P. densiflora stands were 4.49 % for Sancheong, and 5.75 % for Jinju. Whereas, the decomposition rates in Q. variabilis were 20.01 % for Sancheong, and 24.68 % for Jinju, respectively. The decomposition of branches was more rapid in Q. variabilis compared with P. densiflora in both regions. C and N in decomposed branches were more mineralized in Q. variabilis, whereas C and N were more accumulated in P. densiflora. These results indicated that the decomposition rates, C and N of decomposed branches may be affected by differences in substrate quality such as initial N concentration and C/N ratio rather than differences between both regions including different environmental factors.

• Mycobiology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.245-251
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• 2020

During a survey of putative fungal pathogens infecting oak trees in the Gangwon Province of the Republic of Korea, a fungus resembling a Ceratocystis sp. was repeatedly isolated from natural wounds on Quercus variabilis. Morphological comparisons and DNA sequence comparisons based on partial β-tubulin and TEF-1α gene regions showed that the fungus resided in a distinct lineage. This novel Ceratocystis species is described here as C. quercicola sp. nov. This is the first novel species of Ceratocystis to be reported from Korea. A pathogenicity test showed that it can cause lesions on inoculated trees but that it had a very low level of aggressiveness. The discovery of this fungus suggests that additional taxa residing in Ceratocystis are likely to be discovered in Korea in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.209-223
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• 1986

The forest stands of Seonusan area, South-western Korea, were classified into three alliances and nine communities by the Z-M school scheme. Of these one alliance and four association were recognized in this study, that is, an alliance, Carpinion laxiflorae and four associations, Casrpinetum tschonoskii, Quercetum variabilis, Carpinetum laxiflorae and Rhododendro mucronulati-Pinetum densiflorae. Hierachy of Seonunsan area forest vegetation by Z-M scheme was as fallows: Pinion densiflorae Suz.-Tok. 1966. 1. Rhododendro mucronlati-Pinetum densiflorae ass.l nov., 2. Pinus thunbergii community. Carpinion laxiflorae all. nov., 1. Quercus serrata-Carpinus tschonoskii community, 2. Quercus aliena-Carpinus tschonoskii community, 3, Carp inetum tschonoskii ass. nov., a. Typical subass., b. Sasa borealis subass. 4. Quercetum variabilis ass. nov., a Sasa borealis subass. b. Typical subass, 5. Carpinetum laxiflorae ass. nov., Zelkovion serratae Miyawaki et al., 1977., 1. Orixo-Zelk ovetum serratae Miyawaki et H. Tohma 1975., a Typical subass., b. Thea sinensis facies, 2. Thea sinensis-Camellia japonica community.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.51-57
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• 2007

In order to study the characteristics of vegetation structure in Gundal mountain, we investigated forest community using belt transect method at 30 sites in Gundal mountain. As the result of important value' calculation on over DBH 2cm, Pinus densiflora (56.8), Quercus mongolica (48.5), Pinus rigida(41.4), Castanea crenata (22.3), Quercus variabilis (22.3), Carpinus laxiflora (16.9), Quercus aliena (11.3), Sorbus alnifolia (8.6), and Quercus acutissima (8.5) were in the order of important value. According to the ordination analysis of Gundal mountain forest, Quercus mongolica was found in north face and high of mountain. Carpinus laxiflora was found in north face steep slope and middle of mountain. As DBH analysis, the study community will be dominated by Quercus species. The correlation between the forest community and environment factor could be thought as distinction by soil nutrition etc., but we need more study about environment factors.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.5_1
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• pp.419-426
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• 1998

Twenty-two forest stands and one hundred and fourteen plant species were ordinated by a reciprocal averaging(RA) method to extract the major forest patterns of the Quercus forests in Mts. Wolak, choryong, Juhul and Bohyun. The RA stand ordination on the first and second axes revealed a gradient of vegetation. It is the gradient from the Quercus mongolica-dominated forest to the Quercus serrata-dominated forest or Quercus variabilis-dominated forest. An intermediate zone between the two forest types was recognized by the RA stand ordination. Especially the zone on Mt. Bohyun was evidently higher than those of the other mountains. The gradient also showed the environmental one from mesic to xeric habitats and from higher to lower altitudes. The RA species ordination showed the distribution center of each species in the above mentioned patterns of the forest vegetation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.135-141
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• 1995

To investigate the structure and the conservation strategy of natural forest at Nature Conservation Area in Chuwangsan, 21 plots(20$\times$20m) set up with random sampling method. Two groups were classified by cluster analysis. High positive correlations was proved between Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus rynchophylla, Quercus serrata and Quercus variabilis, Lindera obtusiloba and Stephanandra incisa and High negative correlations was proved between Acer mono and Fraxinus sieboldana, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and Quercus variabilis. Species diversity(H') of investigated area was calculated 1.1306~1.2688.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.41-53
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• 2013

The study for the estimation potential natural vegetation was estimated the occurrence probability distribution using geographic information system(GIS) in Bukhansan National Park. Correlation and factor analysis were analyzed to estimate probability distribution. Coefficients were calculated by logistic regression analysis. Correlation coefficients were significantly at the 0.01 level. Commonality of elevation, annual mean temperature, warmth index and potential evapotranspiration were high value, but topographic index was low value. Communities of over the 0.3 points distribution probability, Quercus mogolica communities were the largest area, 76,940,900 $m^2$, Pinus densiflora communities area was 860,800 $m^2$, Quercus acutissima communities area was 500,100 $m^2$ and Quercus variabilis communities area was 1,000 $m^2$, but Q. aliena, Q. serrata, Carpinus laxiflora and Zelcova serrata communities was not appeared. Therefore, potential national vegetation of Bukhansan national park was likely to be Q. mongolica community, P. densiflora community, Q. acutissima community and Q. variabilis community.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 1997

This study has been carried out to estimate carbon fixation, and carbon NPP based on equation form of $Wt=aD^bH^c$ in natural stand of Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis in Chungju. The effect of improvement of environment was also evaluated by estimating sink of $CO_2$ gas in forest ecosystem of Korea in a year. The following effects have been obtained in analysing estimate of allometric equation. Equation form of $Wt=aD^bH^c$ was the most adequate, those of $Wt=a(D^2H)^b$, $Wt=aD^b$ estimate of the biomass and the carbon fixation in Quercus natural stand of Chungju. Total above ground of Quercus mongolica was 130.58 t/ha and that of Quercus variabilis was 137.38 t/ha. Annual production of two stands was 9.96 t/ha/yr, 8.64 t/ha/yr, respectively. Carbon fixation of total above ground was 60.52t C/ha in Quercus mongolica stand, and was 62.22t C/ha in Quercus variabilis stand. Annual fixation of carbon was 4.78t C/ha/yr and 4.28t C/ha/yr, seperately. Annual emission of carbon estimated 2.44t C/ha/yr in contrast of forest area in Korea. It was showed that the annual fixation of carbon was higher 1.84t C/ha/yr~2.34t C/ha/yr than annual emission of carbon. But foliage was 2.39t C/ha/yr and 1.89t C/ha/yr, which occupied 40% and 50% of annual carbon fixation of total above ground. Annual carbon fixation may fluctuate about 1.89t C/ha/yr~2.39t C/ha/yr by seasons.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.90-97
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• 1988

The rate of utilization of the oak cork (bark of Quercus variabilis Blume) ranges only 40-50%. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the chemical properties of the oak cork for increasing the utility. 1) The contents of alkali extractives, organic solvent extractives and ash in the oak cork are similar to those of other barks, but hot and cold water extractives and lignin contents are lower than those of the wood. The carbohydrate (cellulose and hemicellulose) content of the oak cork is similar to that of other barks. The suberin contents in the first and the second bark of the oak cork are 34.8 and 32.2% respectively, in the dry weight. 2) Inorganic component contents of the first bark are similar to those of the second. The pH of the first and the second bark are 3.9 and 4.2%. The caloric values of the first and second bark are 6,263 Kcal/kg, and 5,828 Kcal/kg, respectively, and these caloric values are higher than those of other barks. The sclerencymatous cell content of the first bark which is related to the quality of the oak cork is lower than that of second bark, the contents of the sclerenchymatous cell and lignin show the positive correlation. 3) In the dimension of the cross sectioned cork cell, the first bark is bigger than that of the second. The shape of the cork cell is globular shape in the early bark and discoid shape in the late bark. The cross and the radial section are the same shape, but the tangential section shows difference from the other section.