• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2015

We obtained the following results from investigation on vegetation damage from 5 to 6 August, 2013, about one year after an accident that hydrofluoric acid leaked from a chemical maker, Hube Globe in Gumi. Pinus densiflora and Pinus strobus showed very severe damage. Ginko biloba, Quercus acutissima, Pinus rigida, Salix glandulosa, Hibiscus syriacus, and Lagerstroemia indica showed severe damage. Quercus variabilis, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, and Miscanthus sinensis showed moderate damage. Quercus aliena, Smilax china, Arundidinella hirta, Ailanthus altissima, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Paulowinia coreana showed slight damage. We did not find any plants without leaf damage around there. This result means that fluoride damage still persists in this area as was known that fluoride remains for a long time in air, soil and water and exerts negative effects at all levels of an ecosystem. In addition, fluoride content contained in plant leaf depended on the distance from a fertilizer producing factory and vegetation damage tended to proportionate to the concentration in the Yeocheon industrial complex. In these respects, a measure for removal or detoxification of the remaining fluoride is urgently required around the hydrofluoric acid leak spot. Fertilizing of dolomite containing Ca and Mg, which can trap fluoride, was prepared as one of the restoration plans. In addition, phosphate fertilizing was added in order to enhance soil ameliorating effects. Furthermore, we recommend the introduction of tolerant plants as the second measure to mitigate fluoride damage. As the tolerant plants to make a new forest by replacing trees died due to hydrofluoric acid gas damage, we recommended Q. aliena and S. china, A. hirta, etc. were recommended as plant species to add mantle vegetation to the forest margin to ensure stable interior environment of the forest.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.494-505
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• 2006

This study was performed for 7th grade students to analyze by leader style, the verbal interactions between students in a small group in an MBL(Microcomputer-Based Laboratory) experiment class. The study was performed after arranging the students into four kinds of groups, including groups with leaders of inclusive, persuasive, and alienating styles and a group with no clear leader. The analysis of total frequencies of verbal interaction revealed that the group with an inclusive leader showed the highest frequency of verbal interaction, followed by the group with a persuasive leader, an alienating leader and lastly, the group with no clear leader. The group with an inclusive leader showed the highest frequency of interaction from a cognitive aspect related to question(Q), response(R), making suggestion(MS), and receiving opinions(RO), while interactions from an affective aspect related to behavioral participation(BP) and students' attitudes(SA) were observed more often in a group including an alienating leader than in any other group. An analysis of characteristics of verbal interaction according to leader style showed that a group with an inclusive leader had a permissive atmosphere. It also showed that all members of the group actively participated in discussion and they had a sense of belonging and self-pride with their group. In a group with a persuasive leader, the leader took the lead of most experimental and discussion activities and he was rarely challenged by other students in the group. Rather, other group members showed a tendency to depend on their leader. In a group with an alienating leader, the relationship between leader and members of the group was not harmonious and unfiltered expressions of dissatisfaction and ignorance often took place. The leader's lack of concern about members' low achievement became an obstacle in active discussion. In a group with no clear leader, most interactions during discussion were short and simple. Many answers to the question given by their members were not clear and the interactions were sometimes interrupted for a short while.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.275-281
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• 2016

Glycan modification is important in pharmaceutical industry. Especially, sialic acid affects the bioactivity and stability of medicine. Milk of pig has been used as bioreactor to produce various pharmaceutical proteins. Therefore, it is necessary to modify the glycan chain in pig mammary grand. β-1,4-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase A (pMGAT4A) is one of the essential enzymes for increase of sialic acid content, but pig MGAT4A is unclear. In this study, the pMGAT4A was identified and characterized. The pMGAT4A has 1638 nucleotides encoding 535 amino acids and type II membrane topology, which is one of the common features in many glycosyltransferases. The gene was strongly expressed in liver and mammary gland, whereas was weakly expressed in small intestine, stomach and bladder. For functional test, HA-tagged MGAT4A was over-expressed in porcine kidney (PK-15) cell line. Forced expression of pMGAT4A gene was identified by qPCR, and we identified that pMGAT4A is located in Golgi complex by co- staining with HA antibody and BODIPY TR ceramide. In addition, we identified the increase of mannose-β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine structure by ELISA and immunofluorescence using Datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA), which recognizes mannose-β-1,4-Nacetylglucosamine. Through the specific activity analysis, we showed that pMGAT4A modified bi-antennary to tri-antennary. This event affects sialic acid content. Therefore, we thought that over-expression of pMGAT4A will be necessary in pig mammary grand for improved medicine.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.275-286
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• 2018

Purpose: Our previous study demonstrated that persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thumb.) at different stages of ripening provided different protective effects against high-fat/cholesterol diet (HFD)-induced dyslipidemia in rats. In this study, we compared the metabolites profile and gene expressions related to triglyceride (TG)/cholesterol metabolism in vitro and in vivo after treating with persimmon water extracts (PWE) or tannin-enriched persimmon concentrate (TEP). Methods: Primary and secondary metabolites in test materials were determined by GC-TOF/MS, UHPLC-LTQ-ESI-IT-MS/MS, and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The expression of genes related to TG and cholesterol metabolism were determined by RT-PCR both in HepG2 cells stimulated by oleic acid/palmitic acid and in liver tissues obtained from Wistar rats fed with HFD and PWE at 0, 150, 300, and 600 mg/d (experiment I) or TEP at 0, 7, 14, and 28 mg/d (experiment II) by oral gavage for 9 weeks. Results: PLS-DA analysis and heatmap analysis demonstrated significantly differential profiling of metabolites of PWE and TEP according to processing of persimmon powder. In vitro, TEP showed similar hypolipidemic effects as PWE, but significantly enhanced hypocholesterolemic effects compared to PWE in sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2), HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), cholesterol $7{\alpha}-hydroxylase$ (CYP7A1), and low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene expression. Consistently, TEP and PWE showed similar hypolipidemic capacity in vivo, but significantly enhanced hypocholesterolemic capacity in terms of SREBP2, HMGCR, and bile salt export pump (BSEP) gene expression. Conclusion: These results suggest that column extraction after hot water extraction may be a good strategy to enhance tannins and long-chain fatty acid amides, which might cause stimulation of hypocholesterolemic actions through downregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis gene expression and upregulation of LDL receptor gene expression.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.490-494
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• 2003

Purpose : We'd like to determine the incidence of congenital heart disease and arrhythmia in elementary school children in Busan, and to provide adequate prevention and treatment. Methods : A total of 23,802(male 12,909, female 10,893) 1st grade elementary school children living in Busan were studied. All children were 7-8 years old. We obtained their medical history by questionnaire and checked elecrocardiography(ECG). Subsequent screening tests including a 2nd ECG, chest X-ray, phonocardiogram and CBC for the students who had abnormal findings at the first screening test. The third screening test was done for students who had cardiac murmurs or abnormal ECG findings in the second screening test by echocardiogram, treadmill test and 24-hour Holter monitoring. Results : Among 23,802 children participants, 605(2.54%) had abnormal ECG findings at the first screening test. Q wave abnormality(0.58%) was observed most frequently, and complete right bundle branch block(RBBB)(0.26%), sinus tachycardia(0.24%), right axis deviation(0.22%) and ventricular premature contraction(VPC)(0.21%) followed in order. Four hundred and twenty four children participated in the second ECG screening test. Two hundred and two children(47.6%) had an abnormality such as sinus tachycardia(18.8%), VPC(17.8%), or complete RBBB(17.3%). After completing the third examination including echocardiogram, we couldn't find the students with ventricular tachycardia (VT) or SVT at the third arrhythmia screening test. Conclusion : A high incidence of arrhythmia was found in the 1st grade elementary school children in Busan despite their healthy appearances, although fatal heart diseases were not noted. Early diagnosis, adequate preventative measures and treatment will prevent and decrease the frequency of emergent situations like syncope and sudden death.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 2008

There are many kinds of anti-oxidant materials in natural plant resources. The Siberian ginseng and Eucommia are well known as anti-oxidant and medicinal plants. To investigate the effect of their anti-oxidant-like activity on telomere quantity and egg quality, diets containing Siberian ginseng leaf and Eucommia leaf at 0.5% and 1% were given Hyline Brown commercial laying hens during two periods of age: 20 to 30 wks and 60 to 70 wks. The amount of telomere in lymphocyte, liver, ovary, heart and lung was analyzed by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization using telomeric DNA probe. Egg weight, albumin height, Haugh unit, egg yolk color, egg shell color, egg shell thickness, egg shell weight and egg shell density were measured to analyze egg quality. The chickens consuming diets Siberian ginseng and Eucommia had higher telomeric DNA in lymphocytes than control chickens in younger layers whereas no significant differences were detected in all target cells analyzed from older layers. Egg quality was increased in younger hens with dietary supplementation as determined by egg weight, albumin height and Haugh unit but there were no effects in older hens. These results imply that dietary supplementation of Siberian ginseng and Eucommia in layers improves bio-activity and egg quality at early laying stage.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2017

Cobalt ferrocyanide (CoFC) or nickel ferrocyanide (NiFC) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were fabricated for efficient removal of radioactive cesium, followed by rapid magnetic separation of the absorbent from contaminated water. The $Fe_3O_4$ nanoparticles, synthesized using a co-precipitation method, were coated with succinic acid (SA) to immobilize the Co or Ni ions through metal coordination to carboxyl groups in the SA. CoFC or NiFC was subsequently formed on the surfaces of the MNPs as Co or Ni ions coordinated with the hexacyanoferrate ions. The CoFC-MNPs and NiFC-MNPs possess good saturation magnetization values ($43.2emu{\cdot}g^{-1}$ for the CoFC-MNPs, and $47.7emu{\cdot}g^{-1}$ for the NiFC-MNPs). The fabricated CoFC-MNPs and NiFC-MNPs were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TEM, and DLS. The adsorption capability of the CoFC-MNPs and NiFC-MNPs in removing cesium ions from water was also investigated. Batch experiments revealed that the maximum adsorption capacity values were $15.63mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ (CoFC-MNPs) and $12.11mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ (NiFC-MNPs). Langmuir/Freundlich adsorption isotherm equations were used to fit the experimental data and evaluate the adsorption process. The CoFC-MNPs and NiFC-MNPs exhibited a removal efficiency exceeding 99.09% for radioactive cesium from $^{137}Cs$ solution ($18-21Bq{\cdot}g^{-1}$). The adsorbent selectively adsorbed $^{137}Cs$, even in the presence of competing cations.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.315-322
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• 2008

Purpose : Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic disorder, caused by the deletion of the paternally derived 15q11-13 region or the maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15 (mUPD(15)). In this study, we compared phenotypic differences between those patients whose disease was caused by microdeletion and those caused by mUPD(15). In addition, a comparison of the efficacy of growth hormone (GH) therapy between these two PWS genotypes was analyzed. Methods : Fifty-three patients were diagnosed as having PWS based on molecular and cytogenetic analyses and clinical features. Data that included maternal age, birth weight, a feeding problem in the neonatal period, cryptorchidism, developmental delay or mental retardation, short stature, hypopigmentation, changes in height, weight, and body mass indexes (BMI) before and after GH treatment were obtained by a retrospective review of medical records. The data from the patients with microdeletion were compared with those from the patients with mUPD(15). Results : Of the 53 patients with genetically confirmed PWS, 39 cases had microdeletion and 14 mUPD(15). Maternal ages were significantly higher in the mUPD(15) group, and hypopigmentation and a feeding problem in the neonatal period were more frequent in the microdeletion group. Growth hormone was administered to 20 patients [14 with microdeletion, 6 with mUPD(15)]. There were no differences between the two groups in height velocity, weight and height SDS, and BMI after GH therapy. Conclusion : Phenotype and genotype correlations were observed in Korean PWS patients, such as more advanced maternal ages in the mUPD(15) group and more feeding problems and hypopigmentations in the microdeletion group. Further long-term prospective studies are needed to correlate other aspects of the phenotypes.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.208-218
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• 2018

Autophagy is a cellular process whereby cytosolic materials or organelles are taken up in a double-membrane vesicle structure known as an autophagosome and transported into a lysosome for degradation. Although autophagy has been studied at the genetic, cellular, or biochemical level, systematic ultrastructural quantitative analysis of autophagosomes during the autophagy process by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has not yet been reported. In this study, we performed ultrastructural analysis of autophagosomes in wild-type (WT) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and autophagy essential gene (atg5) knockout (KO) MEFs. First, we performed ultrastructural analysis of autophagosomes in WT MEFs compared to atg5 KO MEFs in basal autophagy or starvation-induced autophagy. Although we observed phagopore, early, late autophagosomes, or autolysosomes in WT MEFs, atg5 KO MEFs had immature autophagosomes that showed incomplete closure. Upon starvation, late autophagosomes accumulated in WT MEFs while the number of immature autophagosomes significantly increased in atg5 KO MEF indicating that atg5 plays an important role in the maturation of autophagosomes. Next, we examined autophagosomes in the cell model expressing polyQ-expanded N-terminal fragment of huntingtin. Our TEM analysis indicates that the number of late autophagosomes was significantly increased in the cells expressing the mutant huntingtin, indicating that improving the fusion of autophagosome with lysosome may be effective to enhance autophagy for the treatment of Huntington's disease. Taken together, the results of our study indicate that ultrastructural and quantitative analysis of autophagosomes using TEM can be applied to various human cellular disease models, and that they will provide an important insight for cellular pathogenesis of human diseases associated with autophagy.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.568-576
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• 2017

As interest in functionality and environmentally friendly cosmetics is growing in recent years, materials that use safe and effective plant extracts have been developed. Therefore, this study also attempted to check the possibility of the graviola extract, which is known to have various efficacy mainly as a health functional material as a functional cosmetic material. In order to find out the antioxidant activity of graviola, we measured total polyphenol, total flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging activity and measured the ROS activity inhibition effect and cytoprotective effect on oxidative stress by treating HDF with hydrogen peroxide cells at an appropriate concentration after checking cytotoxicity in HDF cells. Based on the results of this experiment, the graviola extract was found to contain as high as 26.6 mg(CA)/100g, 14.3 mg(Q)/100g of total polyphenol and flavonoid, which are the antioxidant indexes and to have the high radical scavenging activity. The cell survival rate of the HDF cells was measured, and as a result, no significant cytotoxicity was observed at all concentrations and the experiment was carried out at a concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$ afterwards. Inhibition of ROS activity in HDF cells induced by hydrogen peroxide was measured and the concentration-dependent inhibition of ROS activity was found and the cell protection effect of graviola was measured after hydrogen peroxide was treated for 4, 24 and 48 hours. As a result, the cell protection effect as high as 89.92% was confirmed at a $25{\mu}g/mL$ concentration up to 24 hours. As these results show that the graviola extract has excellent antioxidant activity, almost no toxicity to HDF cells, an effective activity inhibitory effect on active oxygen generated by hydrogen peroxide and excellent cytoprotective effect, the possibility as various functional materials with antioxidant and cytoprotective effects was confirmed.