• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.319-326
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• 2013

The objective of this study is to help golfers to select adequate putters and to provide golfers basic scientific data for improving athletic performance by showing differences of kinematic variables according to the shape of putter head. In this research three right-handed male pro-golfer who are listed at KPGA were studied and three video camera (GR-HD1KR, JVC, Japan) were used and recording speed was 60 frame/sec during the research. In this study kinematic variables were calculated using Kwon3D XP program and analysed on the 4 events and 3 phases. This study showed the following results : (1) The swing of heel-toe putter showed longer time than that of face balanced putter, and there are statistical significant difference of kinematic variables of each objective (2) As of the trajectory of putter head, heel-toe putter showed more approximating curve trajectory than that of in-between, face balanced putter on the X-axis (3) heel-toe putter showed longer distance follow-through than that of other putters by statistically significant difference on the Y-axis (4) Heel-toe putter showed longer distance swing trajectory over the ground than that of other putters by statistically significant difference on the Z-axis.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.83-88
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ball velocity changes depending on the different linear momentum of putter head. For this study, two different moving conditions(25cm free fall and 35cm free fall) of putter head were set. And two different types of ground conditions were used which are artificial grass green($180cm{\times}600cm{\times}1cm$) and glass green($40cm{\times}130cm{\times}1cm$). Movements of putter head and ball were recorded with 2 HD video cameras(60 Hz, 1/500s shutter speed). Small size control object($18.5cm{\times}18.5cm{\times}78.5cm$) was used in this study. Ball and putter head velocities were calculated by the First Central Difference Method(Hamill & Knutzen, 1995). Linear momentum of ball and putter head were calculated with mass and its velocities. Before impact, the velocity of the putter head of 35cm free fall was about 30% greater than that of the putter head of 25cm free fall. Linear momentum of putter head of 35cm free fall was about 0.355-0.364kg m/s and 25cm free fall was 0.251 kg m/s. After impact, putter head lost its linear momentum about 14-19% and adjusting time of putter head after impact would be 0.1 second. After 0.1 second, putter moved the route same as before impact. Maximum ball velocities were appeared 0.08s-0.10s after impact no matter what the ground conditions are. Ball velocities struck by 35cm free fall were 30 % faster than 25cm free fall. Linear momentum of ball struck by putter head was greater than that of expected amount because the moving ball has translational energy and rotational energy. Future study must treat three things. One is ball must struck by the different putters with different materials. Another is two-piece ball and three-piece ball should be used for the same condition studies. The other is height of center of rotation of club should be changed. In this study, the height of center of rotation of club head is 71cm from the ground. But recently many golfers used the long putter. Therefore next study should apply the different height of center of rotation of club head.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제55권9호
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• pp.456-460
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• 2006

This paper deals with a novel autocalibration method of three-axis micromachined accelerometers applied to a new digital intelligent putter for golfers. This putter can help golfers monitor and analyze their putting posture and therefore modify their putting action to get better score and enjoy their lives through golf. The micromachined accelerometers to get information of the motion are the essential part of the putter to measure the three-axis acceleration as accurately as possible. This paper presents an efficient autocalibration algorithm to find the offset and sensitivity of accelerometers by only using the static measurement data at six different positions. The experimental results on the developed putters show the validity of the proposed algorithm for the new smart putter.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.217-223
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• 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of postural sway on the kinematic variables of the putter head during golf putting and to provide information to the importance of postural sway control in the putting stroke for novice golfers. Method: The center of pressure (CoP) and Kinematics variables of the putter head were calculated during 2 m flat golf putting using 8 motion capture cameras (250 Hz) and 2 force plate (1,000 Hz). SPSS 24.0 was used to perform Pearson's correlation coefficient and simple regression analysis, and the statistically significance level was set to .05. Results: As a result of analyzing the correlation between CoP variables and the putter head rotation angle, the CoP moving length, CoP moving range (ML direction), and CoP moving velocity (ML direction) showed a positive correlation with the putter head rotation angle (yaw axis) and were statistically significant. Conclusion: Therefore, In order to perform the accurate putting stroke maintaining the ball's directionality, it is determined that it is important to control posture sway in the ML directions by minimizing the movement and velocity of the CoP.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.217-226
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• 2007

Putting score counts about 43 % of the golf score. The dominant idea of the putting motion to amateur golfers as well as to many professional golfers is a pendulum-like motion. If a golfer's putting stroke motion is a pendulum-like motion, the putting motion should be straight-back-and-through, the same backswing, downswing, and follow through length and period, and a swing with a fixed hinge joint. If the putting motions of the human are different from the pendulum motion, there could be confusion in understanding and teaching golf putting. The purpose of this study was to examine the center of rotation(COR) of the putter head to reveal whether professional golfers really putt like a pendulum. Thirteen male professional golfers were recruited for the study. Each golfers executed 10.94 m putts six times on an artificial grass mat. Putter head position data were collected through a 60 Hz three-dimensional motion analysis system and low pass filtered with cut-off frequency of 6 Hz. COR of the putter head was mathematically acquired. Each golfer's last five putting motions were considered. The results show that the COR of the putter head was neither fixed nor located inside of the golfer. The medio-lateral directional component of the COR of the putter head fluctuated in the range of 10 cm during downswing and follow through. The anterior-posterior directional component of the COR of the putter head was fixed from the beginning of the downswing through impact. Just after impact, however, it moved to the target up to 60 cm. The superior-inferior directional component of COR of the putter head moved in a superior direction with the beginning of the downswing and showed peak height just prior to impact. During the follow through, it moved back in an inferior direction. The height-normalized peak value of the COR of the putter head was $1.4{\pm}0.3$ height. Technically speaking, male professional golfers' 10.94 m putting motion is not a pendulum-like motion. The dominating idea of a pendulum-like motion in putting might come from the image of the flawless, smooth motion of a pendulum.

• 전력전자학회:학술대회논문집
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• 전력전자학회 2006년도 전력전자학술대회 논문집
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• pp.302-304
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• 2006

This paper deals with a novel autocalibration method of three-axis micromachined accelerometers applied to a new intelligent putter for golfers. This putter can help golfers monitor and analyze their putting posture and therefore modify their putting action to get better score and enjoy their lives through golf. The micromachined accelerometers to get information of the motion are the essential part of the putter to measure the three-axis acceleration as accurately as possible. This paper presents autocalibration algorithm to find the offset and sensitivity of accelerometers only by using six different static measurement data. The experimental results shows the validity of the algorithm for the new smart putter.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.175-183
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to analyze the kinetic energy of putter head and ball movements during the process of impact. Highly skilled 5 golfers(less than 1 handicap) participated in this study and the target distance was 3 m. Movements of ball and putter head were recorded with 2 VHS video cameras(60 Hz, 1/500 s shutter speed). Small control object($18.5{\times}18.5{\times}78.5\;cm$) was used in this sdtuldy. Analyzing the process of impact, putter was digitized before 0.0835 s and after 0.0835 s of impact. Ball was digitized 0.1336 s after impact. The results showed that the maximum speed was appeared at Impact and prolonged for a while. Contact point of the club head was within 0.7 cm to the z axis. After contacting the club head, the ball was moved above the ground level(slide) and returned to the ground with sliding and rolling. After contacting the ground, the speed of ball was relied on the surface of the ground. During impact, 70% of kinetic energy of club head has been transferred to the ball.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.147-156
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• 2006

본 연구는 하절기 크리핑 벤트그래스의 품종별 생육특성을 파악하고자 수행하였다. 하절기에 품질이 가장 나빴던 품종은 Penncross 였으며 가장 좋았던 품종은 Pen A-4와 Crenshaw 였다. Putter의 경우 하절기에도 품질의 변화가 크지 않아 조사기간 내내 고른 품질을 유지한 품종으로 평가되었다. 하절기에도 엽록소 함량이 우수한 품종은 Crenshaw, L-93과 Pem A-4였으며, 가장 낮았던 품종은 Penncross이고 SR1020도 상당히 낮은 그룹에 속하였다. 시비 후 엽록소 함량이 가장 많이 증가하는 품종은 Putter였다. 최고온기인 8월 초에 $1cm^2$ 단위면적당 밀도가 가장 높은 품종은 L-93으로 19.3개이었고 그 다음은 Crenshaw, Pen A-4, Putter, Dominant, SR1020, Penncross 순으로 나타났다. 가장 낮았던 Penncross의 밀도는 15.7 개였다. 뿌리생육이 가장 좋았던 품종은 L-93으로 하절기에도 평균 5.5cm이상을 유지하는 것으로 나타났으며 Pen A-4와 Putter의 뿌리생육도 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 SR1020, Penncross, Dominant품종은 하절기에 뿌리생육이 급격히 감소하였다. 실험 기간 동안 가장 문제가 되었던 잔디병은 브라운 패취였으며 Penncross를 제외한 모든 품종에서 Brown patch가 발생되었다. Dominant가 가장 많았고 Putter, L-93, Crenshaw, SR1020, Penn A-4 순으로 나타났다. 하절기조류 피해가 가장 적은 품종은 Penn A-4였으며, Dominant가 가장 심한 것으로 나타났다. 본 실험을 통해, 하절기 생육이 가장 우수하였던 품종은 Crenshaw, Penn A-4, L-93 이었으며 가장 불량하였던 품종은 Penncross 였다. 하지만, 이는 조성 1년차 그린에서 나타난 결과이므로, 앞으로 시간이 경과함에 따라 나타나는 다양한 품종의 특성에 대한 종합적인 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.44-49
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze kinematic variables according to ground slope angle during golf putting. Method: 26 collegiate golfers (age: 22.54±2.15 kg, height: 174.64±6.07 cm, weight: 71.35±9.27 kg, handicap: 5.11±4.50) were participated, and 8 motion capture cameras (250 Hz), Nexus, and Kwon3DXP software were used to collect data. It was performed repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni adjustment. Alpha set at .05. Results: Body alignments were not significantly different at address. Putter head trajectory and loft angle were significantly different, and AP direction of acceleration of putter head was significantly different. However, ML and SI direction of acceleration of putter head were not significantly different. Conclusion: Therefore, it was identified that ground slope angle was affected the kinematic variables during putting, and it will be performed that correlation analysis between putting success rate and kinematic variables according to ground slope angle during golf putting.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.51-62
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• 1976

1963년 10월부터 1975년 5월까지 東海와 南海沿岸으로부터 채집된 標本들을 同定한 결과 1目 3科 5屬 8種을 얻었다. 이들은 모두 韓國未記錄種이었으며 다음과 같은 종들이다. Bellonella rubra Brundin, 1896; B, rigida putter, 1900; B. unicolor (Kukenthal, 1906); Alcyonium gracillimum Kukenthal, 1906; Paraspongodes spiculosa (Kukenthal, 1906); P. hitotai (Utinomi, 1951); Dendronephthya pectinata (Holm, 1895); Siphonogorgia dofleini Kukenthal, 1906.