• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.563-570
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• 2015

기존 구조물의 손상평가에 관한 연구는 지진 등과 같은 과도한 하중에 의한 손상을 고려하였다. 그러나 구조물은 과도한 하중없이도 장기간의 시간에 따라 염화물, 탄성화 등과 같은 이유로 노후화가 진행되어 구조성능이 저하될 수 있다. 그래서 구조물의 건전도를 효과적으로 관리하기 위해서는 노후화에 의한 구조성능 저하도 검토되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 염화물에 의한 철근의 부식을 노후화 요인으로 고려한다. 철근부식에 의한 재료의 구조성능 저하를 고려하기 위해 부식정도에 따른 철근의 단면적, 항복강도, 파단변형률, 피복 콘크리트 강도 등을 예측한다. 이를 구조모델링에 적용하여 구조부재 및 구조물의 구조성능 저하를 분석한다. 구조부재의 구조성능을 분석하기 위해 모멘트-곡률 해석을 수행한다. 구조물 레벨의 구조성능을 고려하기 위해, 고유치해석을 통한 고유주기와 모드형상을 분석한다. 또한 비선형 정적해석을 통해 구조물의 강도와 변형성능을 분석한다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2019

The aim of the paper is the prediction of the seismic collapse mode of steel storage pallet racks under seismic loads. The attention paid by the researchers on the behaviour of the industrial steel storage pallets racks is increased over the years thanks to their high dead-to-live load ratio. In fact, these structures, generally made by cold-formed thin-walled profiles, present very low structural costs but can support large and expensive loads. The paper presents a prediction of the seismic collapse modes of multi-storey racks. The analysis of the possible collapse modes has been made by an approach based on the kinematic theorem of plastic collapse extended to the second order effects by means of the concept of collapse mechanism equilibrium curve. In this way, the dissipative behaviour of racks is determined with a simpler method than the pushover analysis. Parametric analyses have been performed on 24 racks, differing for the geometric layout and cross-section of the components, designed in according to the EN16618 and EN15512 requirements. The obtained results have highlighted that, in all the considered cases, the global collapse mechanism, that is the safest one, never develops, leading to a dangerous situation that must be avoided to preserve the structure during a seismic event. Although the studied racks follow all the codes prescriptions, the development of a dissipative collapse mechanism is not achieved. In addition, also the variability of load distribution has been considered, reflecting the different pallet positions assumed during the in-service life of the racks, to point out its influence on the collapse mechanism. The information carried out from the paper can be very useful for designers and manufacturers because it allows to better understand the racks behaviour in seismic load condition.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.149-154
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• 2019

국내 고층 아파트의 구조시스템은 크게 다수의 벽체가 분산적으로 배치되어 있는 내력벽 시스템과 중앙 코어벽 시스템으로 구분할 수 있다. 각각 시스템에 따른 횡방향 거동을 분석하기 위해 본 연구는 국내 고층 아파트 중 대표적인 평면을 갖는 대상 건물을 선정하고, 비선형 정적해석을 수행하여 붕괴메커니즘을 살펴보았다. 비선형 정적해석을 통해 도출된 힘-변위관계로부터 지진응답에 있어서 중요한 요소인 초과강도계수 및 연성도계수를 산정하여 반응수정계수를 평가하였다. 중앙 코어벽 시스템은 연성도는 작지만, 풍하중에 의해 지배되어 초과강도가 크게 산정돼 초과강도계수에 의해 반응수정계수가 산정되었고, 내력벽 시스템은 벽량이 많아 연성도가 크기 때문에 상당힌 큰 반응수정계수가 산정된다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2023

"Performance-based design (PBD)" is based on designing a structure with choosing a performance target under design criteria to increase the structure's resistance against earthquake effect. The plastic hinge formation is determined as one of the fundamental data in finite elements nonlinear analysis to distinguish the condition of the structure where more significant potential damage could occur. If the number of plastic hinges in the structure is increased, the total horizontal load capability of the structure is increased, also. Theoretically, when the number of plastic hinges of the plane frame structure reaches "the degree of hyperstaticity plus one", the structure will reach the capability of the largest ultimate horizontal load. As the number of plastic hinges to be formed in the structure increases towards the theoretical plastic hinge number (TPHN), the total horizontal load capability of the structure increases, proportionally. In the previous studies of the authors, the features of examining the new performance criteria were revealed and it was formulated as follows "Increase the total number of plastic hinges to be formed in the structure to the number of theoretical plastic hinges as much as possible and keep the structure below its targeted performance with related codes". With this new performance criterion, it has been shown that the total lateral load capability of the building is higher than the total lateral load capability obtained with the traditional PBD method by the FEMA 440 and FEMA 356 design guides. In this study, PBD analysis results of structures with frame carrier systems are presented in the light of the Turkey Building Earthquake Code 2019. As a result of this study, it has been shown that the load capability of the structure in the examples of structures with frame carrier system increases by using this new performance criterion presented, compared to the results of the examination with the traditional PBD method in TBEC 2019.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 중고층 건물과 같이 고차모드의 영향이 커지는 구조물의 지진에 대한 성능점을 간략하고 정확하게 구할 수 있는 개선된 능력스펙트럼법을 제안한다. 능력스펙트럼법은 주어진 지진의 응답스펙트럼과 다자유도 구조물을 변환한 등가 단자유도 시스템을 이용하여 지진으로 인하여 발생하는 지붕층의 최대 비탄성변위를 간략하게 구하는 방법이다. 제안된 방법에서는 구조물의 탄성 및 비탄성 동적해석을 수행하지 않고, 기존의 능력스펙트럼법에서 요구되는 정적푸쉬오버해석과 탄성변위를 이용하여 비탄성변위를 예측하는데, 기존 연구에서 개발한 $C_R$을 이용한다. 본 연구는 제안한 방법의 정확도를 평가하기 위해 LA 지역의 3, 9, 20층 철골모멘트저항골조를 선택한다. 이 건물들의 지진에 대한 각 층별 최대 층간변위비를 개발한 CSM으로 구하고, 이를 비선형 응답이력해석(NL-RHA)으로 구한 결과와 비교하였다. 사용한 지진은 재현주기 475년과 2475년의 위험수준에 대한 각각 20개의 지진집단들이다. 또한 본 연구에서는 ATC-40에 제시된 CSM 방법과 N2 방법으로 구한 각 건물의 최대 층간변위비도 비교한다. 개발된 CSM은 기존에 개발된 방법에 비하여 보다 정확한 최대 층간변위비를 예측하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.195-215
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• 2016

Rehabilitation of historical unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings is a priority in many parts of the world, since those buildings are a living part of history and a testament of human achievement of the era of their construction. Many of these buildings are still operational; comprising brittle materials with no reinforcements, with spatially distributed mass and stiffness, they are not encompassed by current seismic assessment procedures that have been developed for other structural types. To facilitate the difficult task of selecting a proper rehabilitation strategy - often restricted by international treaties for non-invasiveness and reversibility of the intervention - and given the practical requirements for the buildings' intended reuse, this paper presents a practical procedure for assessment of seismic demands of URM buildings - mainly historical constructions that lack a well-defined diaphragm action. A key ingredient of the method is approximation of the spatial shape of lateral translation, ${\Phi}$, that the building assumes when subjected to a uniform field of lateral acceleration. Using ${\Phi}$ as a 3-D shape function, the dynamic response of the system is evaluated, using the concepts of SDOF approximation of continuous systems. This enables determination of the envelope of the developed deformations and the tendency for deformation and damage localization throughout the examined building for a given design earthquake scenario. Deformation demands are specified in terms of relative drift ratios referring to the in-plane and the out-of-plane seismic response of the building's structural elements. Drift ratio demands are compared with drift capacities associated with predefined performance limits. The accuracy of the introduced procedure is evaluated through (a) comparison of the response profiles with those obtained from detailed time-history dynamic analysis using a suite of ten strong ground motion records, five of which with near-field characteristics, and (b) evaluation of the performance assessment results with observations reported in reconnaissance reports of the field performance of two neoclassical torsionally-sensitive historical buildings, located in Thessaloniki, Greece, which survived a major earthquake in the past.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.713-723
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• 2017

Steel plate shear walls (SPSWs) are effective lateral systems which have high initial stiffness, appropriate ductility and energy dissipation capability. Recently, steel plate shear walls with low yield point strength (LYP), were introduced and they attracted the attention of designers. Structures with this new system, besides using less steel, are more stable. In the present study, the effects of plates with low yield strength on the seismic design parameters of steel frames with steel plate shear walls are investigated. For this purpose, a variety of this kind of structures with different heights including the 2, 5, 10, 14 and 18-story buildings are designed based on the AISC seismic provisions. The structures are modeled using ANSYS finite element software and subjected to monotonic lateral loading. Parameters such as ductility (${\mu}$), ductility reduction ($R_{\mu}$), over-strength (${\Omega}_0$), displacement amplification ($C_d$) and behavior factor (R) of these structures are evaluated by carrying out the pushover analysis. Analysis results indicate that the ductility, over-strength and behavior factors decrease by increasing the number of stories. Also, the displacement amplification factor decreases by increasing the number of stories. Finally, the results were compared with the suggestions provided in the AISC code for steel plate shear walls. The results indicate that the values for over-strength, behavior and displacement amplification factors of LYP steel plate shear wall systems, are larger than those proposed by the AISC code for typical steel plate shear wall systems.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.411-424
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• 2018

This study explores the inelastic behavior of systems with flexible base. The use of a single degree of freedom system (ESDOF) with equivalent ductility to represent the response of flexible base systems is discussed. Two different equations to compute equivalent ductility are proposed, one which includes the contribution of rigid body components, and other based on the overstrength of the structure. In order to asses the accuracy of ESDOF approach with the proposed equations, the behavior of a 10-story regular building with reinforced concrete (RC) moment resisting frames is studied. Local and global ductility capacity and demands are used to study the modifications introduced by base flexibility. Three soil types are considered with shear wave velocities of 70, 100 and 250 m/s. Soil-foundation stiffness is included with a set of springs on the base (impedance functions). Capacity curves of the building are computed with pushover analysis. In addition, non linear time history analysis are used to asses the ductility demands. Results show that ductility capacity of the soil-structure system including rigid body components is reduced. Base flexibility does not modify neither yield and maximum base shear. Equivalent ductility estimated with the proposed equations is fits better the results of the numerical model than the one considering elastoplastic behavior. Modification of beams ductility demand due to base flexibility are not constant within the structure. Some elements experience reduced ductility demands while other elements experience increments when flexible base is considered. Soil structure interaction produces changes in the relation between yield strength reduction factor and structure ductility demand. These changes are dependent on the spectral shape and the period of the system with fixed and flexible base.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2008

구조물의 응답에 대한 잔류변위의 영향을 평가하기 위하여, 초기 잔류변형이 있는 상태에서 작용하는 설계지진에 대한 좌굴방지 가새골조(BRBF)와 특수 모멘트골조(SMRF)의 응답을 평가하였다. 초기 잔류변형은 구조물에 두 가지 방법으로 적용하였다. 첫 번째 방법은 첫 지진에 대하여 구조물이 정지 상태에 도달한 이후 같은 크기의 지진을 적용하는 것이다. 두 번째 방법은 소요 잔류층간 변형이 발생할 때까지 일방향으로 가력한 다음 지진하중을 적용하였다. 해석결과에 따르면 초기 잔류층간변위는 BRBF와 SMRF의 응답에 큰 영향을 주었다. SMRF 시스템보다 BRBF의 응답이 초기 잔류변형에 크게 의존하였다. 그러므로 지진발생 이후 보수비용을 최소화하기 위하여 잔류층간변위를 줄이는 것이 필요하다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.113-122
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• 2018

This study presents a new beam-column model comprising material nonlinearity and joint flexibility to predict the nonlinear response of reinforced concrete structures. The nonlinear behavior of connections has an outstanding role on the nonlinear response of reinforced concrete structures. In presented research, the joint flexibility is considered applying a rotational spring at each end of the member. To derive the moment-rotation behavior of beam-column connections, the relative rotations produced by the relative slip of flexural reinforcement in the joint and the flexural cracking of the beam end are taken into consideration. Furthermore, the considered spread plasticity model, unlike the previous models that have been developed based on the linear moment distribution subjected to lateral loads includes both lateral and gravity load effects, simultaneously. To confirm the accuracy of the proposed methodology, a simply-supported test beam and three reinforced concrete frames are considered. Pushover and nonlinear dynamic analysis of three numerical examples are performed. In these examples the nonlinear behavior of connections and the material nonlinearity using the proposed methodology and also linear flexibility model with different number of elements for each member and fiber based distributed plasticity model with different number of integration points are simulated. Comparing the results of the proposed methodology with those of the aforementioned models describes that suggested model that only uses one element for each member can appropriately estimate the nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete structures.