• 한국임상보건과학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.550-555
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• 2016

Purpose. We compared with the refracting power and aberration according to the measurement change in illumination and the pupils area by using the auto refraction instruments. Methods. In this study it were examined 64 eyes without eye disease, 21.4 (${\pm}2.54$) age, 32 (male 10, female 22) patients. Experiments in general illumination using the auto refraction instruments (HRK-8000A, Huvitz, Korea) was measured in both eyes 3 times and after scotopic for 30 minutes in a dark room blocked the light was measured in the same way. Aberration were measured coma, spherical aberration, high and low order aberrations in a general illumination (3500 lux) and low illumination (5 lux) of the pupil area 3.96 mm and 5.96 mm. Results. In the general illumination for measuring of the pupil area, the refractive power, coma, spherical aberration and low order aberration was no significant difference. In the low illumination, spherical aberration of the pupil area was $0.005({\pm}0.015){\mu}m$ in a 3.96mm, $0.014({\pm}0.020){\mu}m$ in a 5.96 mm and appeared a significant difference(p = 0.003). In general and low illumination on the results of comparing the measured values of the refractive power and aberration at the pupil area 3.96 mm, high order aberrations was $0.205({\pm}0.145){\mu}m$ in general illumination, $0.132({\pm}0.075){\mu}m$ in low illumination and appeared a significant differences(p = 0.001). High order aberrations at the pupil area 5.96 mm was $0.278({\pm}0.244){\mu}m$ in general illumination, $0.150({\pm}0.092){\mu}m$ in low illumination and appeared a significant differences(p = 0.000). Conclusions. When the eye refractive power measured by the automatic refraction does not depend on the illumination conditions and size of the observation pupil area, it was found that aberrations are affected by the illumination and the observation pupil area. It was found that the eye examination chamber illumination to obtain accurate measurement produces better results to decrease than to increase.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.483-492
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• 2017

이 연구의 목적은 초등학생들이 과학적 가설을 생성하는 동안에 나타나는 동공크기의 변화를 분석하는데 있다. 연구 참여자는 서울소재의 B초등학교 5학년 학생들 중 자발적으로 연구에 참여하기를 희망하는 학생들 20명으로 구성하였다. 과제는 4개의 과학적 가설 생성과제로 이루어졌으며, 안구운동 데이터를 얻기 위해서 SMI사의 안구운동 추적기(iView $X^{TM}$ RED)기를 사용하였다. Experiment 3.6와 BeGaze 3.6 프로그램을 사용하여 실험을 계획하고 수행하였으며, 안구운동을 수집하여 분석하였다. 연구결과는 두 가지이다. 첫째, 실험과제에 대해 가설을 생성하는 유형으로 4가지 유형이 나타났다. 둘째, 가설을 생성할 때 동공크기의 특징 있는 변화가 있었으며, 가설을 생성하기 위해 생각하거나 가설을 정교화 하는 과정에서는 큰 변화가 없었다. 이와 같은 연구 결과로 볼 때, 가설을 생성하는 순간에는 인지적 요인 외에 감성적 요인의 영향을 받는 것으로 판단된다.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.245-254
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• 2004

본 연구는 제품과 사용자의 관계를 직접 관찰할 수 있는 방법으로써 시선추적 장비를 활용하여 기존의 사용성 평가 기법들의 한계를 보완하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해, 시선추적 분석을 위한 이론을 기반으로 새로운 평가기법 '시선추적 사용검사와 휴리스틱 평가'를 제안하였다. 그리고, 모바일 폰에 대한 사용성 평가를 통해 시선의 경로와 고정점을 통해 사용자의 관심을 확인하고, 동공크기의 기록을 통해 사용자의 인지과정을 이해하기 위한 단서를 효과적으로 얻을 수 있었다. 그 결과, 디자인의 시각적인 속성을 활용하기 위해 시선추적 기록을 분석하고, 동공의 확대를 관찰하여 사용자의 감정상태를 유추함으로써 디자인의 사용성 분석을 효과적으로 평가할 수 있었다.

• 한국임상보건과학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1639-1643
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• 2023

Purpose. We wanted to find out how the changes in brain function affected by the beats per minute (BPM) of music affected visual function. Methods. The subjects were 40 people in their 20s (30 men, 10 women) with no eye disease, strabismus, amblyopia and a corrected visual acuity of 1.0 or higher. Wearing headphones while excluding surrounding noise as much as possible, we played music while adjusting the beat rate at 40 BPM intervals from 80 to 200 BPM. Then, pupil size measurement, lag of accommodation test, and minus lens addition method maximum accommodation test were performed and analyzed. Results. As a result of analyzing changes in visual function according to beats per minute [BPM], it was found that although sound can be consciously affected, it does not directly affect visual function significantly in terms of accommodative lag and changes in pupil size. It was confirmed that the effect was limited to the maximum accommodation. Conclusions. In clinical practice, it is necessary to conduct a refraction test while keeping in mind that there are changes in visual function depending on the BPM of surrounding sounds.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.46-54
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• 2007

Objective: The first aim of this study is to determine the effects of acupuncture on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) via Heart Rate (HR) and Pupil Size (PS), and to compare the effects of acupuncture on the subjects' ANS when they are in a sitting position with the effects when they are in a supine position. Methods: Ten healthy male subjects were randomized to receive either verum acupuncture stimulation in a sitting position (SitV), verum acupuncture stimulation in a supine position (SupV), sham acupuncture stimulation in a sitting position (SitS), and sham acupuncture stimulation in a supine position (SupS). Acupuncture stimulation was applied to Neguan point (PC6) on the forearm. The subject's electrocardiogram (ECG) and pupil size were recorded continuously from 5 min before stimulation to 12 min after stimulation. Results: Verum and sham acupuncture stimulation were found to have reduced heart rate (p<0.01) and to have increased pupil size (p<0.01) in all the subjects. But when the reduction in HR and the increment in PS after verum acupuncture stimulation (both sitting and supine position) were compared with those after sham acupuncture stimulation, it was found that the reduction in HR (74.48 and 73.47 bpm, p<0.063) and the increment of PS (7.32 and, 6.10 mm, p<0.001) after verum acupuncture stimulation were greater than those after sham acupuncture stimulation, and that the corresponding values were statistically significant. In addition, at the baseline, it was found that the subjects had a larger PS and a faster HR in a sitting position than when they did so in a supine position. And then the reduction and increment ratio in the subject's HR and PS when they underwent acupuncture stimulation in a sitting position was significantly different from the reduction and increment in their HR and PS when they underwent the procedure in a supine position-i.e., the reduction ratio in HR was greater when they underwent the procedure in a sitting position, and such reduction ratio was statistically significant (p<0.05). As for the increment in PS, it was greater when the subjects underwent the procedure in a supine position, and such increment was significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Manual acupuncture stimulation on Neguan point (PC6) has more significant influence on the autonomic nervous system rather than sham acupuncture (tactile stimulation). And the position-induced different states of ANS have different influence on the acupuncture effect.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.277-284
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• 2015

목적: 본 연구에서는 써클콘택트렌즈의 착용이 시력교정술을 받은 눈에서 시력의 질에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 시력교정술을 받지 않은 40안과 시력교정술을 받은 30안에 무도수의 써클콘택트렌즈를 각각 착용시키고 optical quality analysis system을 이용하여 변조전달기능(modulation transfer function, MTF), 객관적 산란지수(objective scatter index, OSI) 및 망막에 맺히는 상의 집속률(Strehl ratio)을 측정하여 객관적인 시력의 질 평가를 실시하였으며, 동공크기를 측정하여 객관적인 시력 질과 동공크기의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 결과: 시력교정술을 받은 눈에 써클콘택트렌즈를 착용하였을 경우는 시력교정술을 받지 않은 눈과 비교하여 모두 통계적으로 유의한 수준으로 변조전달기능이 더 저하되었고, 객관적 산란지수는 더 증가하였으며, 망막에 맺히는 상의 집속률은 더 감소하였다. 또한, 시력교정술을 받은 눈에서의 써클콘택트렌즈의 착용은 시력교정술을 받지 않은 사람에 비하여 동공크기에 따른 변조전달기능, 객관적 산란지수, 망막에 맺히는 상 집속률의 증감에 미치는 상관관계에 더 크게 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 결론: 본 연구에서 시력교정술 후 써클콘택트렌즈 착용은 실제 망막에 맺히는 상의 질에 근거한 객관적인 시력의 질을 저하시키는 것으로 나타났으므로 시력교정술을 한 경우에는 써클콘택트렌즈 착용하였을 때 시력의 질 저하에 대한 충분한 이해와 고려가 필요함을 제안한다.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.481-487
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• 2013

Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the visual reactions of users when they are playing games of different flow levels, and to explore the visual variables that can sensitively reflect the different flow levels. Background: The flow is defined as a psychological state where interface users feel their actions in a virtual setting identical to those in real environment. To measure the flow states of users, the questionnaire-based FSS(Flow State Scale) has mostly been used. However, this method is a qualitative test that has limits in terms of the accuracy of users' flow experiences. Therefore, more accurate methods to measure users' flow experiences are required. Method: Ten subjects participated in the experiment, where the independent variables were three games with different flow levels(puzzle games, dot drawing and coloring) and the time frame(the first and last 10 seconds in game playing), whereas the dependent variables included the pupil size and the frequency and duration of eye blinking. This study was a within-subject design. Each participant performed three types of games with different flow levels 3 times for each for 10 minutes, and their visual reactions to each game were measured. Results: The higher the flow cause the bigger pupil size(p<0.01) and the lower eye blinking frequency(p<0.1), indicating that different types of games lead to different flow levels. The pupil size during the last 10 seconds when the flow level was higher was bigger by 2.1% compared with that during the first 10 seconds in game playing(p<0.1), and the eye blinking frequency decreased by 12%(p<0.01). Conclusion: It was found out that the pupil size and the frequency and duration of eye blinking were psychophysiological indices for evaluating users' flow experiences, which could quantify the flow states users go through. The psychophysiological variables capable of measuring diverse aspects of the flow need diversifying to be applicable to precise measurement of the flow. Application: These studies are warranted for both quantitative analysis of flow levels and qualitative improvement of cyber leisure in line with development of healthy games.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2004

본 연구는 타각적 검사장비의 개발을 위한 연구로 PC를 기반으로 Foucault Test (Knife edge Test)를 이용하여 굴절상태의 측정을 목표로 하였다. Knife edge Test를 이용하여 입사광선이 망막에서 반사된 출사광선의 이미지를 CCD 카메라를 사용하여 촬영하고, 그 이미지를 분석하여 반사상의 지름을 측정하여 동공의 크기를 측정하였다. 또한 반사 이미지의 방향으로 굴절상태를 판정하고 반사 이미지의 높이를 측정하여 굴절이상도를 확인하였다. 구면수차는 반사상과 반대방향에 나타나는 부반사 이미지의 명도를 비교하여 측정하였고, 그 크기를 통해 수차값을 계산할 수 있었다.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2013

목적: 일상생활에서의 조도 환경에 따라 써클 소프트콘택트렌즈의 착색부분에 의한 콘택트렌즈 착용자의 동공 가 려짐 정도를 확인하고 동공의 가려짐에 따른 시력 변화를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 20대 82안을 대상으로 비착색 부위가 렌즈 중심부 6.2 mm 직경인 써클 콘택트렌즈를 착용시키고 50 lx 및 370 lx의 조도에서 최소분리시력 및 최소가독시력을 측정하였다. 결과: 370 lx에서는 써클 콘택트렌즈 착용 시 착색부위에 의한 동공의 가려짐이 없었으나, 50 lx에서는 모든 실험대상안의 동공이 써클 콘택트렌즈에 의한 가려짐이 나타났으며 그 범위는 0.40~1.70 mm이었다. 50 lx에서는 써클 콘택트렌즈의 착용에 의해 최소가독시력 및 최소분리시력이 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였으며, 동공 크기가 큰 실험대상안 일수록 시력의 감소 정도가 더 커지는 상관관계를 가짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 최소분리시력의 감소 정도가 최소가독시력의 경우보다 더 크게 나타나 동공의 가려짐에 의해 최소분리시력이 더 크게 영향을 받는 것을 알 수 있었다. 결론: 조도가 낮은 실내에서나 야간 활동 시의 써클 콘택트렌즈 착용은 시력에 직접적으로 영향을 끼칠 수 있으므로 이에 대한 착용자 및 제조사의 고려가 필요하다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.366-375
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• 2018

Recently, techniques involving head-mounted displays (HMDs) have attracted much attention from academia and industry owing to the increased demand for virtual reality and augmented reality applications. Because HMDs are positioned near to users' eyes, it is important to solve the accommodation-vergence conflict problem to prevent dizziness. Therefore, holography is considered ideal for implementing HMDs. However, within the Nyquist region, the accommodation effect is limited by the space-bandwidth-product of the signal, which is determined by the sampling number of spatial light modulators. In addition, information about the angular spectrum is duplicated over the Fourier domain, and it is necessary to filter out the redundancy. The size of the exit-pupil of the HMD is limited by the Nyquist sampling theory. We newly propose a holographic HMD with an expanded exit-pupil over the Nyquist region by using the time-multiplexing method, and the accommodation effect is enhanced. We realize time-multiplexing by synchronizing a high-speed digital micromirror device and a liquid-crystal shutter array. We also demonstrate the accommodation effect experimentally.