• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.245-254
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• 2004

In Accordance with the change of design paradigm, the design process has changed into user-centered workflow from designer-centered workflow. Since the purpose of the past research methods is quantitative analysis or the understanding of the present situation, it doesn't fit in practical design that expressed the user's needs. Therefore, the real data about what they see and how they feel will be useful for the user-centered design. This paper's objective is to analyze eye-movement recordings and pupil size of user for mobile interface design. For this objective, it was experimented on that the user's eyegaze data of using a mobile phone by the Eyegaze Interface System, and analyzed three levels of user's task performance. The results provided evaluation of new developed and old existing interface design of mobile phone by the experiment of eye-movement recordings and pupil size. The benefit of results is compliment of the limitation of current usability test through visual characteristics of design and qualitative data of user.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.259-268
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• 2012

In a P300-based concealed information test (P300 CIT), the result of the test is greatly affected by the value of the probe stimulus. With a probe stimulus of low value, the detection rate decreases. The aim of this study was to determine whether the pupil-based concealed information test (Pupil CIT) could be used in addition to the P300 CIT for the probes of low value. Participants were told to choose one card from a deck of five cards (space 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), Then a P300 CIT and a Pupil CIT for the selected card were administered. P300s were measured at 3 scalp sites (Fz, Cz, and Pz), and the pupil sizes of left and right eyes were recorded. The P300 amplitude measured at Fz, Cz, and Pz was significantly different between the probe and irrelevant stimuli. And, in the Pupil CIT, the pupil size was also different between the two stimuli for both eyes. The detection rates of the P300 CIT were 44% at Fz and Cz sites and 36% at Pz site. And the detection rates of the Pupil CIT were 52% for the left eye and 60% for the right eye. There is a trend that the detection rate of the Pupil CIT was higher than that of the P300 CIT, but the difference didn't reach significance partly because of the relatively small sample size. The correlation between the decision based on the P300 CIT and that based on the Pupil CIT was not significant. As a conclusion, it is recommended to use a Pupil CIT instead of a P300 CIT when the value of the probe is low. And a combination of the measures may be superior to either one of them in detection rate.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 2007

Objective: The first aim of this study is to determine the effects of acupuncture on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) via Heart Rate (HR) and Pupil Size (PS), and to compare the effects of acupuncture on the subjects' ANS when they are in a sitting position with the effects when they are in a supine position. Methods: Ten healthy male subjects were randomized to receive either verum acupuncture stimulation in a sitting position (SitV), verum acupuncture stimulation in a supine position (SupV), sham acupuncture stimulation in a sitting position (SitS), and sham acupuncture stimulation in a supine position (SupS). Acupuncture stimulation was applied to Neguan point (PC6) on the forearm. The subject's electrocardiogram (ECG) and pupil size were recorded continuously from 5 min before stimulation to 12 min after stimulation. Results: Verum and sham acupuncture stimulation were found to have reduced heart rate (p<0.01) and to have increased pupil size (p<0.01) in all the subjects. But when the reduction in HR and the increment in PS after verum acupuncture stimulation (both sitting and supine position) were compared with those after sham acupuncture stimulation, it was found that the reduction in HR (74.48 and 73.47 bpm, p<0.063) and the increment of PS (7.32 and, 6.10 mm, p<0.001) after verum acupuncture stimulation were greater than those after sham acupuncture stimulation, and that the corresponding values were statistically significant. In addition, at the baseline, it was found that the subjects had a larger PS and a faster HR in a sitting position than when they did so in a supine position. And then the reduction and increment ratio in the subject's HR and PS when they underwent acupuncture stimulation in a sitting position was significantly different from the reduction and increment in their HR and PS when they underwent the procedure in a supine position-i.e., the reduction ratio in HR was greater when they underwent the procedure in a sitting position, and such reduction ratio was statistically significant (p<0.05). As for the increment in PS, it was greater when the subjects underwent the procedure in a supine position, and such increment was significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Manual acupuncture stimulation on Neguan point (PC6) has more significant influence on the autonomic nervous system rather than sham acupuncture (tactile stimulation). And the position-induced different states of ANS have different influence on the acupuncture effect.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

The virtual avatar is a principal way as media for communicating language and affective feelings in virtual environment. As similar purpose, this study evaluates user's visual feeling according to the changes of iris color and pupil size of virtual avatar which is considered as new factors for representing realistic avatar. Virtual avatars were configured by pupil accommodation and iris color(green, brown). After presenting above image to 32 participants, a questionnaire(18 items) based on previous studies was created, and reported as a 5-point scale. Experimental result showed that the case of adopting pupil accommodation induced more realistic visual feeling of subjects. This result can be regarded as a basis for designing realistic virtual avatar by confirming the effectiveness of pupil accommodation of avatar in terms of representing visual presence.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.223-230
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• 2014

Purpose. Scheduled calibration of refractive error's have various refractive surgery, and a side effect of post refractive surgery for refractive errors's before refractive surgery, by analyzing the eye condition of the refractive error's good state, it tries to increase the satisfaction of refractive error's refractive surgery. Methods. In response to 60 people preoperative data 20-30 generations of age, were analyzed for eye conditions. Results. IOP, thickness of the cornea, liquid leakage amount inspection, the corneal endothelium inspection, the size of the pupil, have been conducted auto refraction test and showed a numerical value in most normal range. Conclusion. Surgery can be of individual differences of patients, it is difficult to define the full normal range, to the surgery based on the case of this study, the side effects of patients after surgery is expected to be prevention.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.483-492
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the variation in pupil size as shown in the scientific hypothesis generation process of students in Elementary School. The subjects for research consisted of 20 fifth-year students at Seoul B elementary school who agreed to participate in the research. The task consisted of four scientific hypothesis-generating tasks. SMI's Eye Tracker(iView $X^{TM}$ RED) was used to collect eye movement data. Experiment 3.6 and BeGaze 3.6 softwares were used to plan experiment and analyzed the task performance process and eye movement data. The findings of this study are twofold. First, there were four types that generate hypothesis about the tasks. Second, in the moment of generating hypothesis, participants' pupils have grown bigger. And while thinking of generating hypothesis or elaborating hypothesis, there were no big changes. These results show the moment of generating hypothesis is affected by emotional factors besides cognitive factors.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1639-1643
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• 2023

Purpose. We wanted to find out how the changes in brain function affected by the beats per minute (BPM) of music affected visual function. Methods. The subjects were 40 people in their 20s (30 men, 10 women) with no eye disease, strabismus, amblyopia and a corrected visual acuity of 1.0 or higher. Wearing headphones while excluding surrounding noise as much as possible, we played music while adjusting the beat rate at 40 BPM intervals from 80 to 200 BPM. Then, pupil size measurement, lag of accommodation test, and minus lens addition method maximum accommodation test were performed and analyzed. Results. As a result of analyzing changes in visual function according to beats per minute [BPM], it was found that although sound can be consciously affected, it does not directly affect visual function significantly in terms of accommodative lag and changes in pupil size. It was confirmed that the effect was limited to the maximum accommodation. Conclusions. In clinical practice, it is necessary to conduct a refraction test while keeping in mind that there are changes in visual function depending on the BPM of surrounding sounds.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2013

Purpose: The degree of the pupil covered with tinted region of circle soft contact lens was determined according to the illuminant conditions in everyday life and the change of visual acuity by its covering was further investigated. Methods: The circle contact lens having the non-tinted area of 6.2 mm in the center of the lens was applied on 82 eyes in their 20s and their minimum separable visual acuity and minimum legible visual acuity were determined under the luminances of 50 and 370 lux. Results: The covering of pupil was not found when wearing circle contact lens under 370 lux, however, some pupil covering ranged from 0.40 to 1.70 mm was observed in all subjects under 50 lux. The minimum separable visual acuity and minimum legible visual acuity were significantly decreased by the wearing of circle contact lens under 50 lux and the correlation between the larger pupil size of subjects and more decrease of visual acuity was observed. Furthermore, the decrease of minimum separable visual acuity was larger than the case of minimum legible visual acuity indicating that minimum separable visual acuity was largely affected by the covering of pupil. Conclusions: The consideration is necessary for the lens wearers and the manufacturers since the wearing circle contact lens in low-light indoor or nighttime activities may affect directly visual acuity.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.212-220
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• 2013

Recently, there has been tremendous increase in human-computer/machine interaction system, where the goal is to provide with an appropriate service to the user at the right time with minimal human inputs for human augmented cognition system. To develop an efficient human augmented cognition system based on human computer/machine interaction, it is important to interpret the user's implicit intention, which is vague, in addition to the explicit intention. According to cognitive visual-motor theory, human eye movements and pupillary responses are rich sources of information about human intention and behavior. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for the identification of human implicit visual search intention based on eye movement pattern and pupillary analysis such as pupil size, gradient of pupil size variation, fixation length/count for the area of interest. The proposed model identifies the human's implicit intention into three types such as navigational intent generation, informational intent generation, and informational intent disappearance. Navigational intent refers to the search to find something interesting in an input scene with no specific instructions, while informational intent refers to the search to find a particular target object at a specific location in the input scene. In the present study, based on the human eye movement pattern and pupillary analysis, we used a hierarchical support vector machine which can detect the transitions between the different implicit intents - navigational intent generation to informational intent generation and informational intent disappearance.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.106-119
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• 1988

For the relief of pain in 3 cases of whiplash syndromes (case I, II and IV) and in one of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (case III), we have carried out six intentional. total spinal blocks (TSB) which attempted two times in case I, three in case II and one in carte III whoso various symptoms were chronically unresponsive to the usual conservative treatments, and a time of cervical epidural and right suprascapular nerve block in case W whose acute symptom lasted 4 drys following the cervical injury (see fables from 1 to 9). During the 753, we have observed clinically the sequential charges of respiration, lid and pupil reflexes, body motion and consciousness. And checked the blood pressure, pulse rate and arterial Pco2. The effectiveness of those blocks has been assessed by using the Visual Analog Scale which is designed to measure the patient$\acute{s}$ subjective intensity of pain and also we have found out the sequelae following those blocks. The methods of the blocks were as the following: 1. Under the N.P.O. for 8~10 hours, the preparations of immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation and premedication with atropine 0.5mg at thirty minutes before the TSB, it was performed by injecting the mixture of 2% mepivacaine 10 or 15ml and normal saline 10 or 5ml through No. 23 G. spinal needle into the subarachnoid space of $C_7-T_1$ interspinous region with fully flexed neck on the lateral posture. Immediately after the injection of the local anesthetic in the lateral position, the patient$\acute{s}$ were hasten to change Trendelenburg$\acute{s}$ position in order to act the drugs cephalad and to make easy controlled respiration with oxygen. 2. The cervical epidural block was done by injecting the mixture of 0.5% bupivacaine 4ml, normal saline 4ml and triamcinolone 15mg through No. 18 G. Tuohy needle into the epidural space on the same region and posture as the above without premedication.7he suprascapular nerve block was done by injecting of 0.5% bupivacaine 3ml only into the right suprascapular fossa on the sitting posture. The results were as the following: 1. The cessation of respiration was seen within 5 minutes following the subarachnoidal injection of the above 20ml mixture in 2 to 3 minutes and then soon the consciousness began to disappear. The loss of Lid and pupil reflexes noted between 5 to 10 minutes and the size of the dilated pupils was equal between 5 to 20 minutes, but the pupil of the dependent side on tile lateral position was dilated 1 to 3 minutes earlier than that of the independent. The patients had r=ever responded to any stimulations during the TSB except their heart funtion. 2. The recovery of the TSB was as the following, firstly the ankle and lower limb of the independent side began to move slightly with in 34 to 75 minutes after the injection and then that of the dependent Secondly the neck and upper limb moved 6 to 15 minutes later than the lower limb. Thirdly the self respiration began to appear between 40 to 80 minutes from the block. The lid and pupil reacted to touch and light respectively between 40 to 80 minutes but the pupil of the independent side responded earlier than that of the depends. Lastly the consciousness recovered completely between 80 to 125 minutes from the block. 3. In the cardiopulmonary function during the TSB, the blood pressure were stable except the 210/130 tory at the and block of case I. There were bradycardias between 65 to 85 minutes in case I and II but no arrythmia on the EKG. The level of the arterial Pco2 was maintained to 43~45 torr during the TSB. 4. The effectiveness of the above blocks was no pain(0%) in case IV, and light (10~20%) in case I and II but no improvement in case III. 5. The right arm weakness has been complicated as to be Injected accidently the "COLD" local anesthetic at the End block of case I.