• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.535-537
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• 1998

In this paper, we devised a pulse rate detection system to provide basic clinical index of cold-hot diagnosis of oriental medicine. The system consists of pulse signal detection, respiration signal detection, electrocardiograph detection, A/D conversion and computer system parts. We define a pulse rate by a pulse count to the respiration period inspiration pulse rate by a pulse count to the inspiration period, and expiration pulse rate by a pulse count to the expiration period. The clinical experiments for normal Person to evaluate the pulse rate detection system show the pulse/respiration ratio of 4.30${\pm}$1.03, the pulse/inspiration ratio of 1.60${\pm}$0.32, the pulse/expiration ratio of 2.37${\pm}$0.75.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.104-120
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• 2006

Background : Pulse-respiration ratio has been used for estimating subject's status in oriental medicine. Pulse and respiration is strongly associated with autonomic nerve system. But there is no research about correlation between pulse-respiration ratio and autonomic nerve system. Objectives : We performed this study to know correlation between pulse-respiration ratio and HRV(heart rate variability) that shows autonomic nerve system status well and to clarify clinical meaning of pulse-respiration ratio. Methods : After subject's 10 minutes rest, we measured subject's ECG, respiration pattern and HRV. In this research, subject's number is 95(Male 50/Female 45). We calculated pulse-respiration ratio from ECG and respiration pattern. Then, we analyzed correlation between pulse-respiration ratio and HRV parameters in all subjects, 2 group divided by Wan-Maek(P-R ratio 4.28). We tried to compare HRV parameters among Wan-Maek, Sak-Maek and Ji-Maek group. Correlation analysis between pulse-respiration Ratio and Pulse rate, respiration rate is performed. Finally correlation analysis between Respiration and HRV parameters in all subjects, 2 group divided by Wan-Maek(4.28) is studied. Results : 1. Mean pulse-respiration is 4.10${\pm}$0.67, Mean pulse rate is 68.06${\pm}$7.82bpm, Mean respiration rate is 16.81${\pm}$2.72 times per minute in all subjects. 2. Correlation analysis between pulse-respiration ratio and HRV parameters of high pulse-respiration ratio group is not significant. But, in low pulse-respiration ratio group, HFnorm(correlation coefficient 0.306, p= 0.018), lnHF (0.308, p=0.002) is significantly correlated with pulse-respiration ratio. 3. Comparison of HRV parameters among Wan-Maek, Sak-Maek and Ji-Maek Group is not significant. 4. Pulse-respiration ratio is more affected by respiration rate(correlation coefficient-0.17, p=0.000) than pulse rate (correlation coefficient 0.396, p=0.000). 5. Correlation analysis between respiration rate and HRV parameters of high pulse-respiration ratio group is not significant. But, in low pulse-respiration ratio group, HFnorm (correlation coefficient -0.327, p=0.011), LF/HF(0.346, p=0.007), lnHF (-0.355, p=0.006) are significantly correlated with respiration rate. Conclusion : Pulse-respiration ratio and parasympathetic index has positive correlation. The closer Wan-Maek, The higher parasympathetic index in low pulse-respiration ratio group. Respiration rate is more related with pulse-respiration ratio than pulse rate. Respiration is negatively correlated with autonomic parameters. And the slower respiration, the higher parasympathetic index in low pulse-respiration ratio group.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.91-99
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of our investigation is to determine degrees of concordance rate among interpreters. Furthermore, we have examined how much concordance rate to come out when beginners have been compared with the pulse analyzer. Methods : Thirty-nine volunteers were enrolled for this study. These subjects took a 5-minute rest in a sitting position as instructed by the protocol. As they were not allowed to move or speak, radial artery pulse conditions were measured on the lower arm of each subject by means of the pulse analyzer under investigation. Two Korean medical doctors, who did not know the status of default pulse conditions, were also instructed to intuitively choose the most corresponding one in comparison with 13 default pulse conditions. Subsequently, we investigated results between interpreters as well as results between interpreter and pulse analyzer. Results : The total concordance rate, with similar concordance rates being included, between interpreters, between interpreter A and pulse analyzer, and between interpreter B and pulse analyzer was 56.4%, 79.5%, and 71.8% respectively. In faint fine weak pulse(微細弱脈) case, interpreter A and B selected 6 and 7 cases respectively, matched the concordance rate 5, and corresponded separately with the pulse analyzer interpreting 8 cases. Conclusions : In case of skipping pulse 2(促2脈), short pulse(短脈), faint fine weak pulse(微細弱脈), the concordance between interpreters also matches with results drawn from the pulse analyzer. The concordance rate goes higher in proportion with such smaller pulse conditions as faint fine weak pulse(微細弱脈) and short pulse(短脈).

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.11-12
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• 2005

[ $Pb(Zr_{0.48}Ti_{0.52})O_3$ ] (PZT) thin films were deposited on Pt(111)/Ti/$SiO_2$/Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition. In order to study the effect of different laser pulse repetition rate on the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of PZT thin films,2 Hz and 5 Hz of laser pulse repetition rate were selected. We compared the results of XRD pattern, dielectric constant and hysteresis characteristics. From the experimental data, we found that the electrical properties of PZT thin films which grown ar 2 Hz of laser pulse repetition rate were better than those which grown at 5 Hz of laser pulse repetition rate.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.360-364
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• 2015

Electronic systems based on solid state devices have changed to be more complicated and miniaturized as the electronic systems developed. If the electronic systems are exposed to HPEM (high power electromagnetics), the systems will be destroyed by the coupling effects of electromagnetic waves. Because the HPEM has fast rise time and high voltage of the pulse, the semiconductors are vulnerable to external stress factor such as the coupled electromagnetic pulse. Therefore, we will discuss about malfunction behavior and DFR (destruction failure rate) of the semiconductor caused by amplitude and repetition rate of the pulse. For this experiment, the pulses were injected into the pins of general purpose IC due to the fact that pulse injection test enables the phenomenon after the HPEM is coupled to power cables. These pulses were produced by pulse generator and their characteristics are 2.1 [ns] of pulse width, 1.1 [ns] of pulse rise time and 30, 60, 120 [Hz] of pulse repetition rate. The injected pulses have changed frequency, period and duty ratio of output generated by Timer IC. Also, as the pulse repetition rate increases the breakdown threshold point of the timer IC was reduced.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.169-172
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• 1999

In this experimental study we Proposed the double dielectric barrier discharge (DDBD) reactor to produce as high an electric field as possible. The experiment are conducted for applied voltage from 15 to 20[tV], flow gas rage at 2[1/min] and pulse rate at 120[pulses/s] and 240[pulses/s]. SPD connection of DDBD which combine the surface discharge with the silence discharge was most effective to reduce the NOx. In the decomposition efficiency per watt, the low pulse rate gave hotter efficiency than that of the high pulse rate. However in DeNOx rate, the high pulse rate gave better performance than that of the low pulse rate. NOx removal rate increased with increasing the applied voltage in all reactors.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.668-673
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• 2014

Cold and Heat pattern identification(CHPI) in traditional East Asian medicine(TEAM) is one of the major indicator to distinguish characteristics of disease and to determine treatment method. Basic parameters to determine CHPI include the pulse rate, respiration rate, and pulse power. Studies to associate physiological responses of human body by cold stress(CS) with CHPI in TEAM were rarely done so far. This study aims to explore the effects of cold stress on pulse signal via a feasibility study for three subjects and investigate some indices which can reflect autonomic nerve reaction(ANR). We measured radial pulse signals and respiration signal of the investigated subjects before the CS, during the CS which continues for 5 minutes, and immediately after the CS, respectively. Finally, we analyzed the pulse rate (P), respiration rate (R), pulse power, pulse depth, and pulse rate per respiration (P/R ratio). As a result, the P/R ratio showed a consistently decreasing tendency through the CS stimulation process, while other parameters behaved more complex and in subject-specific ways. It implies that, among candidate parameters, the P/R ratio is a simple but the most probable parameter that can be used as the ANR indicator. This result is also consistent with the theory in TEAM scripts, in which the P/R ratio is predicted to be a direct indicator for the CHPI. This pilot study shows that P/R ratio can be more appropriately associated with the ANR than heart rate or respiration rate alone. Extensive studies will be necessary to verify or confirm the P/R ratio as an appropriate and well defined parameter for ANR.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.48-48
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• 2009

Conventionally in pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW-P), drop transfer is analyzed with simplest square pulse waveform. While the pulse current is described by four parameters (peak current magnitude and time plus base current magnitude and time), it deviates the real pulse shape. Real pulse can be better idealized by the trapezoidal pulse waveform described by two additional parameters, i.e., current rise and fall rate (dI/dt). Power source response rate is described by these parameters. In this work, the effect of these parameters on drop transfer is predicted by the force displacement model (FDM). While peak current has significant effects on drop detachment, drop transfer is also influenced by the current rise rate. Predictions indicate that the current rise rate can have considerable effects on the size of the detached drop if other pulse parameters are kept constant. FDM is applied to determine peak time for one drop one pulse condition (ODOP) when rests of the pulse parameters are given. The predicted range of ODOP shows good agreement with experimental data.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.423-438
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• 1997

The structure and variation of the mating call in Rana nigromaculata was studied in a population at Da-rak, Chong-won, Chung-buk (36$\circ$ 37' latitude, 127$\circ$ 21' longitude) in Korea. The mating call consists of 3 to 8 pulse groups divided by clear silent intervals. Each pulse group is also composed of fine pulses. Temperature and body size affect the temporal and spectral characteristics of the mating call. Pulse, pulse group repetition rate and dominant frequency rise with increasing temperature, whereas pulse grouprepetition rate and dominant frequency decrease with increasing body size. A playback experiment was designed to establish the effect of a potential intruder on male calling. During the stimulus periods, resident males markedly decreased the pulse repetition rate, and icreased the rate of pulse groups, dominant frequency, and the number of call groups. This results indicate that this species responds in a graded fashion when interacting with other individuals.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.143-156
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• 1997

This report was conducted to quantify the pulse/respiration ratio and set up the normal range of wan-maeck(緩脈). In order to objectify the pulse diagnosis and use as basic clinical index of Cold-Hot diagnosis, we developed the hardware and software for detection and interpretation of pulse/respiration ratio, pulse/expiration ratio, pulse/respiration ratio, inspiration time, expiration time, respiration frequency, respiration time, duration of one pulse and pulse and pulse rate per minute, The results were as follows; pulse/respiration ratio is $4.30{\pm}1.03$ times, pulse/respiration ratio is $1.60{\pm}0.32$ times, pulse/respiration ratio is $2.37{\pm}0.75$ times, inspiration time is $1.35{\pm}0.20$ sec, expiration time is $1.89{\pm}0.39$ sec, respiration frequency is $17.16{\pm}3.49$ times/min, total respiration time is $3.63{\pm}0.71$ sec, duration of a pulse is $0.86{\pm}0.15$ sec, pulse rate is $71.51{\pm}12.30$ times/min.